2个月托福写作基础提升训练法
“toodlebae”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇2个月托福写作基础提升训练法，以下是小编收集整理后的2个月托福写作基础提升训练法，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
- 目录
篇1：2个月托福写作基础提升训练法
2个月托福写作基础提升训练法介绍
训练目标
提升英语写作基础能力，从写作用词、文章语法到句式掌握三个方面提升到托福水准。
针对人群
英语基础一般，词汇量初中到高中过渡，作文语法错误明显，语感较差的托福考生。
练习手段
背诵英语课文
练习资料
《新概念3》
具体方法
a 通读一遍，扫除单词障碍，摘抄出生词、短语、句子，搞懂课文意思;
b 听一遍课文音频，注意学习自己不会读的单词;
c 跟录音读一遍;
d 反复读，直到可以非常熟练地、没有任何磕绊地、用很快的语速读下来;
e 录下自己最熟练的一遍并保存;
f 坚持每天读20分钟，坚持两个月。
要点提醒
1. 不要在课本中做任何标记，包括单词的读音和汉语意思。这些都记在另外的笔记本上，读课文时只看纯英文文本，同时一边想自己读的这句话是什么意思。这样做可以避免只记得单词汉语意思，却容易忘记原来的英文单词，同时有助于慢慢培养用英文思考的习惯;
2. 每天坚持做，每次至少20分钟。不求一次背很多内容，关键在于长期坚持。至少坚持一个月后就会见到一点成效了。此外切记不要一次花太长时间，建议20-30分钟为最佳。如果时间充裕的话可以一天多做几次30分钟的任务。有些同学习惯一下午3、4个小时的时间一直做一件事。大多数情况下，这样拖沓的学习习惯不仅效率不高，极大地浪费了时间，长此以往还可能养成慢吞吞的思考习惯，对于学习和考试百害无利;
3. 不仅要读要记，还要听，以及录音。有些读者可能注意到，这一个背课文的任务硬生生被小编加上了摘抄单词，听录音，甚至录音的任务，这又从何说起呢?英语作为一种语言，在听、说、读、写四门上，本就没有非此即彼的区别，基础打好了，“米”屯好了，有了一定的语感，四科的学习自然会相辅相成。
4. 背单词是英语学习亘古不变的主题。除了词汇书外，大家每天遇到的各种英文材料都是非常好的背单词的材料。换言之，大家要学会自己积累自己的单词书，所以在记背课文的过程中一定要做笔记。
托福写作模板:电力
Electricity
The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.
Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.
All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small - often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.
The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.
托福写作语料库积累：关于教育
一个国家教育如何提高：
课程设置要突出实用性，这样可以增加学生毕业后的就业机会。
重点词汇、短语：practical，get X.X.X ready for
I would say that the courses offered in universities should be more practical, specifically, they should get students ready for future jobs and increase students' future job opportunities.
决策者应该想办法降低高等教育的成本，现在高等教育太贵了比如生活费、书费和学费太高。
重点词汇、词组：make it accessible to ，cost of living, textbooks and skyrocketing tuitions
I would say the decision makers should figure out a way to reduce the cost tertiary education and make it accessible to everyone. Currently, our universities and colleges are super expensive, the cost of living, textbooks and skyrocketing tuitions, all these combined makes it hard for lots of brilliant kids to receive higher education.
让大学生更加自由的选择专业, 现在高考成绩一般的学生没有机会学习比较火的专业如经济金融，政府应该让学生更加自由的选择专业而不应该用高考分数限定学生的选择。
重点词汇、词组：not be motivated to 没有动力做某事， be into 非常喜欢，be given to chance to do s/th, be based on 基于
Personally, I think government should make it easier for student to choose their majors. Currently, it is very hard, if not impossible for lots of average students to choose popular majors like economics, finance and accounting, cuz you have to get a really high score in college entrance exam. As known to all, one might not be motivated to do something unless he or she is really into that, students should be given to chance to choose majors they are interested in and it shouldn't be based on exam scores, thus they will better employ their creativity and imagination and be more likely to be successful in college.
教育的功能、目标the purpose of education：
传授知识、培养实用性技术impart knowledge and cultivate practical skills, provides students with the tools and skills
句子：
The utmost purpose of education is to impart knowledge and cultivate practical skills so that the students can be successful in their future career, like to become physicians, pilots, professors, architects, even engineers.
Tertiary education(高等教育) provides students with the tools and skills that are essential for them to be successful in their future career.
培养道德情操、求实精神：develop morality and values to live a good life and build up character to seek the truth
句子：
大学教育的另外一个功能是培养学生的道德情操、正确的价值观、树立人格、求真等良好品质，这些品质对一个人的未来的职业是至关重要的。
Another important function of university is to develop morality and cultivate values to live a decent life and help the students to build up character, and to seek the truth, and I think these qualities are very important to have in order to be a mature person.
帮助学生吸收知识、协助成长： the exploration of knowledge, to help students grow, to make men complete, explore our utmost ability, constant simulation, makes us understand things better
句子：
重点词汇、词组：noble cause光荣的使命，lead X.X.X on the path of, well-rounded全面的, constant simulation 不断的刺激
高等教育是个光荣使命，在知识的道路上引导学生、帮助学生成为更加健全的人。人生就是一个不断学习的过程，大学让我们追求卓越、更好的洞察世事。
The noble cause of higher education is to lead students on the path of the exploration of knowledge, and help them to grow in to a more well rounded and compete person. You know, human beings need constant simulation to grow or it will die, university helps us to explore our utmost ability and makes us understand things better.
人人都应该给机会接受高等教育
句子：
重点词组：people from all walks of life, prestigious, be accessible/available to anyone, fairness, social status, underprivileged 弱势群体，climb up social ladder
大学教育应该人人平等，孔子说有教无类;如果只有富人有接受高等教育的机会，那么社会的不公平现象将会变得更加严重，弱势群体通往社会上层的通道就会被阻碍。
I would say that higher education should be available to people from all walks of life, as prestigious Chinese philosopher Confucius said: education should be received by anyone no matter what their social status are. Suppose higher education is available only to the rich, then only the rich will be likely to succeed and then the underprivileged will never get a chance to climb up the social ladder, that is not fair.
托福写作
篇2：托福写作2个月能练出高分水平吗
托福写作2个月能练出高分水平吗?基础不好的你需要这样备考
2个月托福写作基础提升训练法介绍
训练目标
提升英语写作基础能力，从写作用词、文章语法到句式掌握三个方面提升到托福水准。
针对人群
英语基础一般，词汇量初中到高中过渡，作文语法错误明显，语感较差的托福考生。
练习手段
背诵英语课文
练习资料
《新概念3》
具体方法
a 通读一遍，扫除单词障碍，摘抄出生词、短语、句子，搞懂课文意思;
b 听一遍课文音频，注意学习自己不会读的单词;
c 跟录音读一遍;
d 反复读，直到可以非常熟练地、没有任何磕绊地、用很快的语速读下来;
e 录下自己最熟练的一遍并保存;
f 坚持每天读20分钟，坚持两个月。
要点提醒
1. 不要在课本中做任何标记，包括单词的读音和汉语意思。这些都记在另外的笔记本上，读课文时只看纯英文文本，同时一边想自己读的这句话是什么意思。这样做可以避免只记得单词汉语意思，却容易忘记原来的英文单词，同时有助于慢慢培养用英文思考的习惯;
2. 每天坚持做，每次至少20分钟。不求一次背很多内容，关键在于长期坚持。至少坚持一个月后就会见到一点成效了。此外切记不要一次花太长时间，建议20-30分钟为最佳。如果时间充裕的话可以一天多做几次30分钟的任务。有些同学习惯一下午3、4个小时的时间一直做一件事。大多数情况下，这样拖沓的学习习惯不仅效率不高，极大地浪费了时间，长此以往还可能养成慢吞吞的思考习惯，对于学习和考试百害无利;
3. 不仅要读要记，还要听，以及录音。有些读者可能注意到，这一个背课文的任务硬生生被小编加上了摘抄单词，听录音，甚至录音的任务，这又从何说起呢?英语作为一种语言，在听、说、读、写四门上，本就没有非此即彼的区别，基础打好了，“米”屯好了，有了一定的语感，四科的学习自然会相辅相成。
4. 背单词是英语学习亘古不变的主题。除了词汇书外，大家每天遇到的各种英文材料都是非常好的背单词的材料。换言之，大家要学会自己积累自己的单词书，所以在记背课文的过程中一定要做笔记。
托福写作模板:拥有多项技能的人更成功
托福写作真题题目：
207月3日托福独立写作题目：
People who develop different skills are more successful than people who develop one skill only.
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作范文参考:
2016年7月3日托福独立写作范文
When it comes to the qualities of successful people, people varying in education background and experience tend to give distinctive answers. Some would argue that those who are successful should be versatile and excel in lots of skills like communication skills, leadership skills and even organizational skills while others believe that one who is exceptional in one area is more likely to be successful. I personally believe that a versatile person with various skill sets can be more successful.
Admittedly, as the saying goes Jack of all trades and master of none and there are rare cases where some people who are expert in only one field stand out. However, it is more common for versatile people with multiple skills to be successful because of the following reasons.
First off, people who are talented and versatile are more competitive and competent in their career, and they enjoy a better change to be promoted in a professional setting. Actually, a lot of positions require a combination of skill sets, such as paying attention to details, knowledge in a specific field and communication skills, etc. Indeed, more skills will give someone more chance to get promoted. For instance, if a computer programmer just knows how to write program and focuses only on the technical side of the job, chances are that he would never get promoted. On the other hand, if not only does the computer programmer have programming skills but also he is a genius people-wise, he might get a better shot to be promoted as a manager in charge of a team of computer programmers. Thus, he can enjoy more opportunities in his career.
Additionally, it is much easier for a versatile person with various skill sets to build rapport with people and make friends. It is self-evident that people with all kinds of skills will be very attractive and charismatic. A person who not only has professional knowledge in one specific field but also has people skills and leadership skills will be very popular and standing out among his or her peers. For instance, my friend Alex, a bright young professional working in the financial industrial. He was awarded the most valuable banker in his company because of his professionalism and dedication to serving the customers and clients. Not only is he successful in his professional life, but also he is an amateur violinist. Actually, he plays for a city choir to represent the community and go against other cities' choir. Such skills can be very useful when building up connections with people and thus he can expand his social network easily. Furthermore, he can use these skills to entertain his clients and customers on certain occasions and have their trust on him.
In conclusion, a versatile person with various skill sets can be more competitive and outstrip others in the workplace, eventually they enjoy better chance to be promoted. Another advantage of having multiples skills is that it can be much easier and readily for them to network and expand their social connections.
托福写作解析：高分需要注意的三个问题
一.英语基本功
在托福独立写作中，并没有相关的阅读和听力内容可以帮助考生组织自己的语言，考生在答题的时候能凭借的仅仅是自己的英语基本功。在考试中，很多考生因为对于词汇和语法不熟悉，所以不能恰当的使用词汇来表达自己的观点，文章中的句子和句子之间逻辑的关系混乱。
建议：考生在备考托福写作的过程中，首先要重视托福词汇的备考，对于基础比较薄弱的考生来说，要从四级词汇开始背起，然后逐步过渡到六级词汇和托福词汇的备考。建议考生在备考词汇的时候要制定一些背词汇的计划表，有步骤的去背诵。其次，考生要重视语法的积累，要重点掌握被动语态，强调句型，非谓语动词，从句的使用方法。
二.中式翻译
英语毕竟不是我们的母语，很多考生在学习英语的时候习惯性的用中式思维来表达自己的观点，比如很多考生用black society来表达黑社会的含义，用eight hang来表达八卦的意思。但是判卷的考官并不是中国人，考官并不明白考生真正想要表达的意思是什么，考生在托福写作考试中，很容易因为这样而出现低分的现象。
建议：针对有这种情况的考生，小编认为，如果想要改变这种现状，就一定要多听多看。建议考生通过一些经典的美剧比如《生活大爆炸》，《老友记》，或者是一些经典的美国大片比如《阿凡达》，《风月俏佳人》等等来增强对于英语中语境的熟悉程度，提升语感。
三.套路化明显
很多考生在写托福写作的时候会背诵模板，在考试的时候，不管遇到了什么题目都生搬硬套的使用模板，这样在考官判卷的时候，很多作文框架千篇 一律，如出一辙，极大的降低了考生的分数。
建议：建议考生在备考托福阅读的时候，每天进行英文写作练习，用英文来写日记，在写作的过程中增强自己的写作能力。
托福写作解析 必备的写作技能
第一：掌握一定的语法基础。新托福写作对于学生的语法要求不会很高，在懂得主谓宾正常的构句规则的基础上，加上对各种从句以及几个特殊句式(强调句、倒装句)的运用，就足以应付托福写作。很多基础相对来说薄弱的考生经常会遇到的困境是：对英语的语法产生恐惧，因为不写不错，一写就错。这部分考生克服这个困难的办法是：多去动笔写，写完了让老师或者是身边英语比较好的同学帮忙改，弄懂每一个托福写作语法错误是为什么，切不可消极怠工，意志沉沦。
第二，理清完整的文章结构。托福写作通常是鱼骨头(Fish Bone)式结构。开头段+中间三段+结尾段。千万不要小看这样的结构，以为这样的结构过于简单，过于八股。其实，新托福写作考查的也就是考生是否会熟练运用这样的结构去表达自己对一个观点的看法。
第三，需要多样的语言语句。语言多样性分为句式的多样性和词汇的多样性。新托福考试说到底，还是在考查学生的语言能力。文章结构就是一个人的骨架，那么剩下来的工作就是需要往这具空空的骨架中添加进生动的血肉，这就是我们的语言了。新托福写作考试对于考生的语言水平最基本的要求是没有太多的语法错误，也就是考生所犯的语法错误不会影响到文章的理解。
篇3：2个月备考托福攻略
2个月备考托福攻略分享
一、经验教训
一定要对时间有个把握，定个时间表，如果你很自律，可以把计划安排得满一些，记住一定要把这两个月的时间充分利用起来，在准备语言考试时一定要坚持和自律!
大概的时间节点如下：
前两周— 集中背单词，每天可以抽1个小时做一整套阅读和听力
第三周到第一个月结束—开始集中刷TPO，期间单词不能放
第二个月前前两三周—精听精读+针对性练习(针对薄弱科目)+二刷TPO
最后一周模考+机经冲刺
二、工具
1. 单词—红宝书、绿宝书、镇魂单词
2. 练习资料—OG、黄金口语80道
3. 模考软件—KMF、平安好学、小站
4. 机经—“无老师”机经
三、复习方法
1、单词
托福红宝书/绿宝书，红宝书最好刷一遍，然后再去刷绿宝书，除此之外还有其他资料例如镇魂单词可以辅助使用。个人建议：如果你是那种背单词选手，可以参考其他人的帖子去看怎么背单词之类的。如果你不是那种背单词选手：1)尽量背 2)做完题一定要回顾和总结 在这个过程中把单词添加进单词本
2、阅读
前期先试做几篇阅读试试，比如TPO1和TPO30，可以不限时,大概感受一下自身的能力在什么水平。如果实在单词太多不认识影响做题，那没办法，先背点单词吧。如果是有点单词不认识但也不太影响做题的，就可以边做题边总结开始学起来了
重要的是做完一定要回去看：
1)全文通读,把所有生词都添加进生词本，加过的还不认识的记得加一颗星，不懂的句子上网搜或者看模考软件里的解释。要保证这次读完再读能懂这篇文章能基本搞懂在讲什么。
2)真正做题前需要从词，句，段入手，背单词书，分析长难句，再读文章，分析段落关系，最后一道题多选是靠前面每读一段记下来的笔记为线索选出来的。前几篇按照题型分类去做，后面整篇做，最后限时三篇一起做。考前4篇一起做适应加试。
3、听力
同阅读，前期先做几篇试试，注意跨度大一点，比如做个TPO1和TPO30这样，先对自己有个评估。如果能做个差不多，按部就班做题和总结就好。如果不行，请参考其他人的帖子，做精听和听写可能会有帮助。
同阅读，每天一套模考，限时做完。就用2个对话3个lecture的就够了，按实际考试模式来。同样的很多人说后面难度会高，我也没什么概念，因为我听力考的不是很好，但是做模考都没什么问题，可能真的是前面的简单吧，请根据自己的时间安排自行抉择做哪几套TPO
听力怎么记笔记，很多人用记号，我是不用的。我基本上听到什么记什么，自己能看懂就行，遇到特别难懂的文章，记大概结构，转折，加上自己猜猜，难的听力题目应该不会难。
精听跟读：
此步建立在能大概听懂当前材料，但是无法迅速理解含义，而且发音不好，口语不流畅。
半句话到一句一停，脑海中迅速反应含义，同时嘴上重复他说的，模仿语音语调，逐渐拉长断句的长度，增加意义反应单元，当你同时练习听懂，记下，说出的时候，反应速度也在加快。
精听跟读的材料从老托93开始，如果很轻松，不要继续了，开始TPO，每次做完一套题后都要进行精听跟读，有些lecture特别难，可能完整的做题，精听跟读，分析错题下来，一开始要一两个小时，但是后面逐渐熟练了后会加快(除了特难的)。
TPO不仅是你的习题册，更是教材，要充分利用听力材料进行标准输入，同时锻炼听力，口语能力，同时增加了学科词汇量。
听力绝对是最耗时的一项，个人觉得第一二次考试前花百分之四十到六十不算过，后面刷分的时候听力已经上来了，可以多花时间在其他三科上。
4、口语
Q1-2积累??的语料库，?TPO和以往的真题准备15-20个?故事,Q1中会出现的主题基本就是person, place, activity, suggestion等，将所有题?按照主题分类，然后再开始?个主题?个主题地刷，刷的同时进?整理，将??使?过的stories和分论点记下来，慢慢扩充起??的语料库。在准备段子的时候，可以首先扫一遍TPO和机经，不详细说每道题，先用中文想一下你会用什么例子来回答，比如某道题我会用兴趣爱好的例子来回答，那就在这道题旁边标一个“兴趣爱好”，然后扫完了所有题目，将所有的标签汇总，你会发现其实你只用准备15-20多个段子就可以应付大部分独立题目了。然后，你再详细扩写这些段子，注意添加细节和口语化，避免用长难句。最后，一定要用这些段子再重新扫一遍所有的题目，体会套用段子的感觉。
Q3-4比较考验听力，大家在记笔记的时候需要将听到的内容转化成说的内容来记录。内容基本上是复述听力中两个人的对话，重点是归纳好这两题的套路(先简述proposal或者啥的内容，再详述支持或反对的理由)，然后听清楚听力别漏点。听力记不记笔记这个问题因人而异，视自己的情况而定，我会适当速记一些关键词，避免复述的时候遗忘。
Q5-6难点主要在于听力理解记忆专业课的内容，遇到不太了解的新概念或者表达上比较的地方在于要把论点和论据一点一点拆开对应起来说，这样会说的比较清楚有逻辑。
口语部分的得分是按照1-2，3-4，5-6三个部分的分别得分来计算的，也就是说只要你有两个部分能拿到good，口语部分的总体部分就可以在26-30档。所以如果准备时间不够或者别的原因，可以重点准备你比较在行的题型部分。其次是找一个可以监督你的小伙伴，每天练习半小时，对方帮忙掐时间以及给口语总体打分(语速语调，流利程度，逻辑完整度，用词水平，etc.)，一道题可以多练几次练到流利;找不到小伙伴的话建议可以试试平安好学的TPO口语模考，他家有和ETS合作的SpeechRater口语批改功能，按照不同Topic每天练习5-6道题，记住每次专注于提高一个方面的姿势水平，哪里不会说哪里~
5、写作
写作技巧一是可以在考场上短时间内默写出准备的模板，二是听力中听到的细节尽量全部写下来。我考试的时候是读阅读的时候不仅把每段的关键句读和记下来，开头和每个分段的细节也适当地记一些关键词，因为听力和阅读是相对应的，一些阅读中举的例子或者分析会对听力的理解有很大的帮助。刚听完的时候不要着急敲模板，先把笔记整理一下，因为刚听完还有短时记忆，但是如果不整理并且有的地方笔记很乱的话，写到那里的时候就会忘了应该写什么。还有一点是写完留几分钟把全文的语法错误和拼写错误检查一下，这些错误都有可能会扣分。
10月19日托福听力考试真题及答案
Conversation
C1： 学生买东西时自动贩卖机故障，而且两台零食机都出了故障，钱吐不出来，然后就讨论这个machine存在的必要性。
C2： 老师和管理者沟通自己当老师的一些事情，总结了自己的教学实践经验，提到了art和history，下周要出schedule。
C3： 学生找老师解释自己缺勤原因，老师顺便说了他的project的问题及如何改进
C4： 学生找老师问paper，要对比一个画家和一个摄影师。
C5： 学生说妈妈给自己买了太多的dining plan，去找餐厅主任取消，但是取消不了，老师给他建议。
C6： 学生找工作人员支持自己的program，要在校园里种蔬菜水果和粮食。
C7： 学生要做一个网站包括各种租房信息，来询问工作人员。
Lecture
Art：教授介绍epic theater的一些特点，和realistic不同的theater，包括提前让人们看plot，把背景板都展现出来等等。
Zoology：动物用身体来构成某种结构，教授举了蚂蚁做plug封住洞口和raft浮在水面。
Astronomy：教授介绍火星的火山为什么比地球的大，因为静止的地壳、重力和大气
Earth Ecology：教授一开始提到人类的活动会影响环境，但是在考古学家眼里只是一眨眼的事情，这里主要讨论的是生物的出现给地球环境带来的变化。最初地球大气没有氧气，后来出现了一种细菌叫做Cyanobacteria，通过光合作用产生了氧气。后来越来越多的生物能够制造氧气。这样的现象持续影响着地球的气候变化。后来植物大量出现，然后它们分解之后给土壤增加了影响，和各种微生物，真菌一起，继续改变大气，出现了水循环。同时植物的出现使得河岸出现了S型的弯道，也抑制了水土流失。沙漠地区中rounded hilltop这种情况的出现也因此变多。
Business Management： 公司管理的方法，讲了三个不流行但有用的策略。
Psychology：教授认为看一些特定节目的电视节目对孩子有帮助，但这个限制也很多
2010月19日托福口语考试真题及答案
Task 1
Which company do you prefer to work? A company in which you work independently or a company with a tutor to help you
Task 2
阅读：学校要提供summer program给young children. 因为1 provide more job opportunity to students 2 have extra money to improve equipments of gym
听力：1 increase coach experience. 很多学生在毕业之后都会去当教练带队，但是他们没有机会去practice.比如这个女生，她是某个体育项目的，她觉得的这个可以增加experience. 2 increase the seats on gym. 学校体育馆的椅子太少了，所以体育馆就很挤。大家只能坐在地上，而坐在地上根本看不清比赛。Summer program赚的钱可以拿来买更多的椅子，让大家有一个good view.
Task 3
阅读： environmental X assessment： evaluate the effects of constructions on environment
听力：如果一个construction company要建一个shopping center，首先要做research.如果他们发现这个shopping center的地方是个wetland，这样建筑过程中就需要加土让地面solid，这样会毁掉wetland.而wetland 可以conserve water and decrease the flooding.所以这个建筑公司cancel了这个项目，把shopping center建到了别处。
Task 4
两种文化交流中，有些文化不愿意接受new idea
第一个原因是缺乏必要的material.如果必要的材料在本土文化中缺乏，他们就不会接受这个cultural novelty。举例说一个soup recipe需要用到一种辣椒，而本土文化没有这个辣椒，那么他们就不会用这个soup recipe.
第二个原因是本土文化中已经有类似作用的东西了，所以本土文化会保留旧的而不是用新的。举例说new instrument能产生的一种Music和本土的instrument发出的声音一样，所以他们不会接受这个new instrument。
这道题目中，很多同学表示不认识diffuse这个词，其实这个词就等同于spread。而这个词，这个类似的话题，就是TPO17的T6。所以还是建议同学们要重视TPO的练习。
2019年10月19日托福阅读考试真题及答案
volcano on Mars
Sumerian Contributions(重复5月24日考题)
Art and Culture of PacificNorthwest Communities(重复3月7日考题)
Earth's Atmosphere(重复15年1月10日考题)
Tree Species Identification inTropical Rain Forests(重复15年11月15日，7月8日考题)
Attribution Bias(重复16年8月21日和5月19日考题;归因偏见)
Causes of Industrialization in theUnited States(重复16年6月4日考题)
The Volcanoes on Mars(重复17年12月9日考题)
Orchids(兰花，重复17年10月14日，18年3月31日，19年6月15日考题)
Extinction of the Mammoths(重复17年1月7日和10月28日，18年9月9日考题;冰川期猛犸象灭绝理论，涉及气候因素，但有局限性)
The Sogdians and the Silk Road(重复17年12月2日，19年3月31日考题;粟特人和中国，丝绸之路)
Shipbuilding in Venice(重复18年4月15日考题，可以参考TPO25-2)
Honeybee Communication(18年3月11日考题)
鱼类的smelling系统，Lobe fish和ray fish对比
Totem Poles， a type of NorthwestCoast art
真题详解
Attribution Bias(重复16年8月21日和18年5月19日考题;归因偏见)
P1：社会心理学家发现我们预判他人行为的过程是可以预知的，其中判断失误不是偶然，而是因为我们容易犯系统性的归因错误，即Attribution Bias
P2：最常见的归因偏见，也是根本性的归因偏见，就是把个人行为归咎于人品而非外在环境。比如人的行为粗鲁我们就会认为他性格上也是粗鲁的，没有考虑这个人所处的环境状况。
P3：归因偏见的原因：可能是我们注意力容易集中在明显的事物上，看不到一些不明显的因素，比如所处环境。
P4：深入归因的方法，就是要重新审视之前自己较快做出的判断，但是这个方法需要更深入的推理和思考，一般不用。
P5：不同观点认为，我们对事物的归因只是最简单的一种归因，比如看到人们走出电影院，我们会觉得是他们看了电影而笑，不会觉得他们天生乐观爱笑。然后再做出简单归因之后，我们也会进行深入思考，但前提是我们有时间和动机。
P6：对自己的归因更多是归于外在环境，而非自己，所以本人和其他观察者往往会对同一行为产生不同解释。这样不同解释的另外一个原因是双方信息不对称。
真题回顾
Art and Culture of PacificNorthwest Communities(重复15年3月7日考题)
Paragraph 5
■ Masks (see figure above) are the most variedof the carvings from the Northwest， where they were an essential part ofcommunal life. ■ In style they range from an almost abstract symbolism tocombinations of human and animal features and to a lifelike naturalismsometimes bordering on caricature (a style that strongly exaggerates featuresor characteristics)， taken to its extreme in Tlingit war helmets. Some differences must have been due to those among the cultures in which they werecreated， but their place of origin cannot always be ascertained as they seem tohave passed from one contiguous nation to another in the course of trade or warfare. ■ Although carvers worked according to established conventions， no two masksare
identical and those with basic similarities revealvarying degrees of skill. ■
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where thefollowing sentence can be added to the passage.
If we consider 100 raven masks made by different carvers，for example， some will have been well executed， others less so， and one mayhave been made by an exceptional carver.
答案：D
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托福TPO阅读难度大不大
托福阅读考试词汇题答题技巧
托福阅读考试选择题答题技巧
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篇4：如何提升托福写作框架结构
托福写作提升第一步 如何提升写作框架结构?
一.托福写作框架
托福写作的构思主要是指规划文章的整体框架结构，也就是我们通常说的写提纲。写提纲是为了帮助考生确定并理清自己的思维，在写中间段的时候有话可说，保证充实具体。由于考场上时间有限，考生必须在平时练就快速构思的本领，那么在托福写作中我们的思路应该怎么走呢?
二.关于写作框架的共性问题
发现在准备写作的过程中，学生的一个主要疑问就是觉得自己写的文章不够有特点，不够有意思，不够深奥。由此引发出的一个现象就是学生不敢写自己立刻就想到的，最贴近生活的内容，而总是想着如何创新。这个问题的严重性不容忽视。因为这种两难境地大到开遍布局，小到措辞举例。无处不在。最严重的结果就是学生举步维艰。
三.如何提升拓谷写作框架结构
为了解决这个问题我们不妨先来研究一下学生为什么会产生这种思维。很容易理解，大家都觉得众所周知的内容没有意思，没有新鲜感。即便是应试作文，也确实如此。如果阅卷人读完了全部文章，觉得其内容丝毫没有任何独特之处，任何道理例子都是社会评价体系重复过无数次，或者自己已经熟知的。那必然会觉得有些无聊。一旦他的这种心理被唤醒，很难说这种心理状态不会影响到最后的分数。因为人为给分机制多少都会有主观因素。
于是最直接的想法就是，对这些内容避而不谈。转而去寻求一些深奥、常人通常不懂的内容。但这样做有两个问题。其一是这样的内容应用到文章本身就很困难，要求写作的人知识有积淀，内涵有深度。这是短期培训班无法企及的目标。其二是这样的内容，若处理不当，读起来是很让人痛苦的。因为读者有可能真的不懂。
似乎这个问题到此无法圆满的解决。但其实这是一个错误两难。因为除了常识和深奥的知识，还有一类信息是我们可以用的。即，虽然很普通简单，但是阅卷人并不知道的事情或道理。例如你自己的生活经验，你的阅历体验，你的价值观念，你的喜好与厌恶等等。这些源自生活的感想和经历，说出来别人可以立刻明白，而且不会觉得枯燥无聊。因为他没有这么活过。这和写剧本或者写小说是一样的。其内容本身并没有什么晦涩难懂的，有意思的地方是，即便很平常，它也是你没接触过的生活与思维方式。这样的电影也好，小说也好，文章也好，都能够给人非常鲜活的、再活一次的体验。这样的内容给了读者一次机会去以另外一个个体的视角来审视、理解、解释世界。而这本身就像一次探险。只要有未知，自然就会唤起人们的兴趣。如果我们能充分利用这一点，写出用意思又有特点的作文并不是一件难事。
托福写作提升需要提升写作框架结构，但是不建议大家标新立异去写一些自己驾驭不了的内容。托福写作框架拟定要来源于生活，不与一些模板范文重复即可。希望大家在平时练习写作的时候能够注意这一点。
托福写作模板：社会重要问题能否在有生之年解决
题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:The most important problems affecting society will be solved during my lifetime.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
范文1：Argument 1 (for)
Although the problems facing the world today may seem surmountable, I think that some of the most important ones will be solved during my lifetime. Even now, experts are working on solutions to live healthier lives, to provide food for the growing world population, and to equalize the difference between advanced and developing nations.
Health issues are a major concern, and the key to solving them rests in understanding how the human body works. We now have unraveled the DNA sequence, which was one of the biggest hurdles to cross. Instead of mysterious interactions between chemicals and bodies that seem to produce different results every time, medicine is turning into a black-and-white technologywhere one factor has a certain response. As we decipher the genetic code, we get better at interpreting how our bodies will react. Within my lifetime, there will probably be a cure for cancerand a method for controlling plagues. There will no longer be victims suffering from degenerative diseases or even mental illnesses.
Another major problem is how to feed the growing world population. Solutions are on the horizonfor both factors involved. One issue is producing enough food, and efficient agricultural practices such as vertical farming and hydroponics are already increasing the food generated per acre. The other factor is to get the food to people who need it. In reality, thousands of pounds of perfectly acceptable food are disposed of daily. For example, restaurants and caterers discard unused meals, and farmers with bumper crops let food rot on the vine because it cannot be sold locally.Therefore, if better agricultural practices are coupled with better storage and transportation to get the food where it is needed, the problem of feeding the world’s population is solved.
Finally, another pressing concern is the giant rift between advanced nations and developing ones. Children in one area have their own bedrooms and smart phones while children in another area are lacking the necessities of a roof, sanitary water and food, and medical care. This rift can be closed if countries work together. Businesses can locate production facilities in poor regions that will benefit from the influx of jobs. If companies subsidize schools and hospitals, they can increase the educational levels and health of their employees, creating a more efficient work force. If governments do everything possible to facilitate such programs, developing nations will have a chance to compete in the modern world.
At first, solving health problems, ensuring for food distribution, and eliminating the gap between rich and poor countries may seem impossible goals. However, I think they will be addressed during my lifetime.
to equalize the difference between A and B 去平衡 A 和 B 之间的差距
a black-and-white technology 一种黑白分明的科技
a cure for cancer 一种治疗癌症的方法
on the horizon 即将来临的,开始显现
let food rot on the vine 让食物在藤上腐烂
be coupled with X 与 X 结合
pressing concern 迫切的问题
the giant rift 巨大的裂痕
范文2：Argument 2 (against)
Technology is increasing at a rapid rate, making it appear as though all the world’s problems will be solved in the next fifty years. In reality, there is no way to resolve some of the most important issues facing us today. There will continue to be wars, climate change, and pressures of a growing world population well into the foreseeable future.
To Americans sitting in a comfortable home, war is an abstract, distant thing. However, it is a devastating and very real horror to families facing persecution and displacement. Children in Yemen need surgery to mend limbs destroyed by bombs. Bolivians look away as rebels knife a government official. Thousands of Syrians live in tents in a makeshift camp because they lost their homes. These tragedies will continue because there is no way to reconcile the moral and ethical differences between groups. It is human nature to reach for power, so even if the conflicts are reduced in one area, war will emerge in a different area as a greedy leader tries to expand his control.
Climate change is another seemingly irrelevant problem at first glance. It is easy to say that a few degrees of change over fifty or a hundred years is not much. However, climate change is an irreversible process that has already started and will just continue to get worse. There will be more habitat loss, extinctions of species, and drastic natural disasters. Human technology may be able to reduce the damage in some areas, but it cannot return the climate to its former conditions.
One last point is the pressures of an increasing world population. As the number of people on Earth continues to rise, more pressures are placed on the planet to support those people. Even with improvements in agriculture, there will not be enough food to feed everyone. More important, there will not be enough clean water for everyone to drink. With people packed close together, epidemics will spread more quickly. Even the common cold or flu could cause significant damage to the population in a crowded city. There is no magic cure for these problems, and a system of providing food, water, and medical care to everyone in the world is unrealistic.
Therefore, the major problems of war, climate change, and population growth will continue to exist, possibly for as long as human beings exist on Earth.
well into the foreseeable future 在可预见的未来
live in tents in a makeshift camp 住在临时搭建的帐篷里
there is no way to reconcile the moral and ethical differences between groups 伦理差异是无法调和的
to reach for power 获得权力
climate change is an irreversible process 气候变化是一个不可逆转的过程
drastic natural disasters 极端自然灾害，特大自然灾害
With people packed close together, epidemics will spread more quickly 由于人们挤在一起，流行病转播的更快
托福写作模板：小学生学技术还是艺术
题目：An elementary school wants to increase the time on educating students technology (such as computers), which means that students will have less time for the study of music and art.
When it comes to spending the time on studying arts and music and the time on studying technology, which one do you think is better for elementary students?
范文1：Argument 1 (for)
I think it is important for elementary students to get a solid grounding in technology. Technology can help students learn to solve everyday problems, to interact with others, and to prepare for the working world.
First, technology is part of our everyday life, and becoming increasingly more so. If students do not know how to use computers, smart phones, and tablets, they cannot function adequately in this changing world. However, there is more to understanding technology than just typing in a question and reading the answer. Students must know how to escape from a frozen screen, remove and reset a jammed printer, and install new programs. Students who learn about technology gain the mental flexibility to solve basic problems like these. Instead of being stopped by a challenge, a technologically-aware student tries different ways to work around it. In other words, technology helps prepare a student to solve problems and face events that do not run exactly as planned.
Second, technology offers students a chance to interact with other students around the world. Through the internet, students in different countries can see each other and talk, or even collaborate on projects. This experience can bring other subjects such as geology to life because the students can talk with people their own age who are living in the place. Interaction can increase interest in skills such as learning a second language or increase awareness about history or art. Working with friends from around the world, the students gain a wider perspective and are less likely to succumb to prejudice and hatred based on race or nationality. Technology is the key to communication with others around the world.
Third, technology provides useful skills that are in demand by employers. Companies need employees who can manipulate data and operate machinery. Students who have these skills and are ready to work are more likely to be hired than students who do not. Therefore, elementary schools should help prepare students from an early age so that when they reach high school, they can operate spreadsheets, word processing programs, and specialized equipment. Students who go beyond the basics and learn to program, design, or assemble technological devices will be even more prepared to compete in the fast-paced working world.
It is essential for students to learn about technology so that they can capably solve problems, interact with others, and start preparing for the working world.
to get a solid grounding in technology 在技术方面打下坚实的基础
become increasingly more so 变得越来越是如此
the mental flexibility 思维灵活性
a technologically-aware student 一个有技术意识的学生
gain a wider perspective 获得更为广阔的视角
succumb to 屈服于,屈从于
go beyond 超出,超越
范文2：Argument 2 (against)
Children need to have a well-rounded education that includes art and music. Art and music provide many skills that are foundational for further growth and development, physically, mentally, and emotionally, so they should be considered an essential part of any elementary school program.
Young children’s bodies are developing and changing very quickly. Arts can help children learn to use and control their bodies so that they can master more complex tasks in the future. For example, drawing, painting, and calligraphy require manual dexterity to control the pencil, brush, or pen. Children studying these things can learn to use their hands to complete precise tasks. Music offers another example of how children can learn to use their bodies: instruments such as flutes and woodwinds require careful control of breathing combined with fingering of keys. Arts are fun rather than repetitious, so these physical skills are acquired in an enjoyable way.
Arts can also help children improve their memory and concentration. Completing an artwork takes time, sometimes days or weeks, so children must concentrate to finish rather than justrushing on to a new activity . Scientific studies show that if you practice memorizing things such as the process of knitting or weaving, or the notes to perform a song, you can get better at memorization in the future. If children learn to focus on one project and memorize the steps needed to complete it, they will be better able to concentrate for long periods and complete difficult tasks in the future.
Finally, arts can help children develop emotionally. Arts do not have a “right” and “wrong” answer, so children can explore personal creativity. They can feel pride at accomplishing a project that is uniquely theirs. This self-esteem can give them confidence to try new activities without fear of “failing” because they made a mistake. Especially considering the pressures of the modern world, arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun. Arts provide a balance to the rigid programming of other elementary school classes such as math and spelling where it is essential to give the one correct answer.
Arts help children develop physically, mentally, and emotionally. Therefore, arts such as music, drawing, and painting are an essential part of elementary education.
a well-rounded education 全面的教育
manual dexterity 手部灵巧性
rush on to a new activity 匆忙地投入到一项新的活动
arts can help children develop emotionally 艺术可以帮助孩子发展情感
self-esteem 自尊
arts can be an essential outlet to try making something beautiful or fun 艺术可以成为创造美 好或有趣事物的重要途径
provide a balance to X 为X提供了平衡
篇5：托福写作提升方法
托福写作提升方法丨你是否了解审题的重要性?
一.托福写作审题的重要性
托福写作很多人都在练习如何写，如何能有一个漂亮的文笔，这时不少人都忽略了托福作文题目本身，其实托福写作经验提醒大家一个好的开始真的是成功的一半，一定要先把题目弄懂再进行写作。
在托福考场上时间无疑是最为宝贵的，那么怎么能在有限的时间内争分夺秒，迅速阅读并理解题目，理清思路，并组织好语言呢?这需要我们在平时不断大量的练习，以及在每次练习后总结经验教训，以免下次再犯同样的错误。那么在平时的练习以及在考场上，审题无疑是最为重要的环节之一，因为它直接与我们的写作内容相联系，如果我们审题出现了偏差，那么不管我们的语言多么优美生动，不管我们的结构多么合理分明，我们的作文都是不合格的，所以，我们在练习及考试时，都不能不重视审题这一步骤，务必要在最短的时间内抓住题目的关键词，正确理解要求，保证迅速而准确的解读出题目的隐含意义，并迅速梳理出自己的思路，树立自己的观点，写出一篇高质量的作文来。
二.如何审好题目
我们应该熟悉托福作文题目的主要类型，托福写作经验提醒大家要明确托福独立写作主要有几种形式，每种形式的代表词是什么，对于该种类型的题目又有什么方法可以解，哪种方法最为有效最为快速，哪种方法最为百搭，哪种方法容易写出高质量的作文来。
这就要求我们在平时的写作练习中多加思考，积极总结，并且要了解自己的长处和弱项，有针对性的进行练习，这样不但知己知彼，还能扬长避短，保证我们在托福独立写作中得到高分。在平时的练习中，我们阅读题目时，不但要注意题目所讨论的主要问题，究竟是属于经济类还是教育类，更应该抓住一些看似不是重点的虚词，比如 “must”、“should”以及“the most”等等。这些词不但修饰了题目中所要表达的问题，更标志了该种题目的类型，在解题思路上给我们提示。
不管是在平时的托福写作练习还是考场上面，我们都应该抓住关键词，这个关键词不仅仅指“经济”、“教育”这一类词，更是“必须”、“应该”这种表示情感或者说表示态度的词。这种词直接关系到我们可以采取什么态度来回应题目，是完全同意，还是部分同意，亦或者是完全不同意。在平时多多研究这些词语和解题思路的关系，总结相应的套路，能够在考场上为我们节省大量的时间，提升解题效率和准确度，并且帮助我们战无不胜。
总之，在阅读题目时，我们要抓住每一个关键词，深入理解他们的意思，分析不同题目之间相同之处，总结出托福独立写作的套路来，只有通过大量练习和不断总结，我们才能更全面的理解托福独立写作的要求，从而写出符合要求的作文来。
托福写作模板：书本知识与实践经验
Task：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.
托福写作模板范文参考：
We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.
First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.
What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.
In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.
托福写作之攻略长句子
那什么时候使用长句，什么时候使用短句?
在你要表达中心思想的时候，也就是在写主题句的时候，建议使用短句，因为写中心思想的时候需要在一句话当中把你的主要观点论述清楚，在这种情况下短句的表现力会更好。
在你要表达复杂概念，且这些概念存在因果、对比、时间等逻辑关系的时候，你可以使用长句，这样能让你一句话当中补充的信息比较多，也证明你对英语句子的掌握会比较充分。
所以说，山不在高有仙则名，水不在深有龙则灵，句不在长够用就行。
今天主要介绍三种让句子写得更长、更富有变化的方法。第一种，句子开头的变化。第二种，平行结构。第三种，分词结构。
句子开头的变化
首先，句子开头的变化目的是让句子变得更多样。它对句子长度的增加，并不那么明显。
让我们看个例子：Immediately, the police officer got out of the car and asked for my driver’s license.，immediately放在句首，可以让句子更多样，看起来富于变化。
再看一个例子：Farmlands, However, were less possible to be polluted because of fewer factories in the past. 那这句又把however又放在了主语的后边，谓语动词的前边，组成了一个插入语也可以。像这种句首的副词是一种变化方式。
第二，你可以用短语来开头。看这个例子，In the arena, fans stood with their hands over their hearts and sang the National Anthem with the purpose of showing respect to their country. 大家注意看，这一个单句，但是这句话写的也比较长，你看一下，开头是用了一个In the arena，然后在句子的末尾加了一个介词短语with purpose of doing something。前边加了一个介词短语，后边加了一个介词短语，那整个这句话变得就比较长了，也变得比较多样了。所以说介词短语，也可以让你的句子变得多样，且长度增加。
接下来还有一种方式，就是在句子的开头放上一个不定式，比如说To win，或者是写成in order to win，candidates need to convey a clear message that is not contaminated by the opposition. 前边加了一个in order to或者是to，也可以让句子变得多样，且长度增加。
还有一种方式，利用现在分词来开头，比如说，Tapping the power of being seen, the Oscar nominees appeared on late-night television, morning news programs, and in glossy magazines. ，现在分词tapping就可以起到让句子开头有变化的这种作用，但是注意，tapping出现ing的时候证明这个词的主语跟后面主句的主语一致，这种情况下才可以使用ing的形式来开头。
同样呢，我们还可以使用过去分词做开头，但这种情况下要求后一句的主语要和前边的这个分词形成被动关系，比如说，Seen from the space, the Earth is a blue planet.，其实就是 the earth is seen from the space, the Earth is a blue planet.。所以说这种情况下注意主动和被动关系就行了。主动用ing，被动用过去分词，也就是ed。所以说我们稍微总结一下，句子开头变化可以句首+副词，还可以用短语来开头，还可以用不定式，还可以用分词结构。
平行结构
第二种方式，平行结构这种方式其实非常好用，往往被大家忽视。比如说：My embarrassment stemmed not from the money lostbut from the notoriety gained.，所以说这个地方在说的时候你要想清楚，你看这句话not from...，but from...，这是不是一种平行的短语结构啊，让你的句子变得更加的丰富。
第二呢，She wanted her audience to remember the protest song and to understand its origin.，to remember...，and to understand...，这两个不定式同时也构成了一个平行的结构。
第三句，The team members vowed that they would support each other, that they would play their best, and that they would win the tournament.，注意，这三个平行结构是怎么构成的呢?三个宾语从句，that...，that...，and that...，所以说这一下这个句子就能拉长。再看下边一个例子，Whether her goals include publicizing student and faculty research or increasing research funding, she always works to improve research facilities.，注意，whether后边加的是publicizing...or increasing...，所以说用doing的方式也可以构成平行结构。
在这里大家想一想，究竟什么是平行结构呢。那这个平行结构说的简单点，就是用同样的结构来并列，形成一种关系。常见的呢，可以引导平行结构的短语有：
both...and...;either...or...;neither...nor...;not only...but also...;whether...or...
这都是大家很熟悉的短语。只不过大家平时用的时候都是用名词，both A and B，A和B都是简单的名词或者代词，你没有想想是不是可以用短语来代替这些词，也可以加长句子的长度。
分词结构
第三种，就是分词结构。分词结构我们主要说分词做后置作定语的这种方式。
比如说看例子：By contrast, people living in the cityare suffering from various diseases caused by the environmental contamination, for pollutants from factories and automobiles are continually being discharged into the air and rivers.
这句话里边people living in the city其实就是people who live in the city，主动语态放在后边就可以用一个doing的形式来简化这个定语从句，后边那个various diseases caused by...，其实就是diseases which are caused by...，所以说这种过去分词也可以做后置定语，只要和前边的是个被动的关系就可以了。因此，这种分词结构也能够使句子变得更加丰富更加多样，然后长度也会相应拉长。
总结
前面我们在讲解的过程当中一直在说这个问题，你要让你的句子多样，要让你的句子变长。你发现了吗，变长的时候我们的主力句型是什么呢，就是从句，或者分词，再加上一个并列句，简单的讲就是，你要写成，when I get up, I go to school, and...，怎么怎么怎么样。这样一句话就可以把它拉长。在你写从句的时候，你也可以考虑使用分词来替换，因此呢，这就是我们让句子变长的几个小的技巧。
最后给大家来一个结构非常清楚的长句例子：
Both involving in program engineering and in the after-sale service, Tom could not only sharpen his skills in his major—computer science by being elected as one of top ten programmers in the company but also he could cultivate a new skill—fluently and efficiently communicate with others by answering dozens of calls of complaints from the customers every day.(60 words)
篇6：托福写作基础句型
一、准确的句子表达
1. 句型分析
英语的句型包括以下几种，简单句、复合句、并列句、并列复合句等。在新托福写作中，一般使用复合句，辅以并列句和并列复合句，当然肯定要有简单句，做到长短句相结合。下面摘抄几个句子给大家认识并分析一下复合句和并列复合句。
a. Even though I usually know what I have to say， I cannot always express myself correctly in English.
这句话是一个复合句，由even though引导的让步状语从句。
b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English， with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.
这句话中是一个复合句。with介词结构中，有一个that引导的同位语从句对result进行解释说明。
c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts， and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.
上句话是一个并列复杂句。and 连接了两个句子，是一个并列句;because引导的原因状语从句。
d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills， and such writing， which is often described as “sophomoric”， receives low mark.
这句话同样是并列复杂句。由and连接两个句子，成为并列句，再一个which引导的定语从句。
2. 有问题的句子的列举
考生写的句子容易出现三个问题：一是使用破碎句，二是使用接连句，三是句子连接不正确。
1). 破碎句
所谓破碎句，就是句子不完整，通常是没有谓语(或者说谓语是动词的非谓语形式，如分词)，或者是从句单独成句。
破碎句：She singing alone. (无谓语，singing是现在分词)
正确句：She is singing alone.
破碎句：He did not come. Because he was sick. (从句单独成句)
正确句：He did not come because he was sick.
2).接连句
所谓接连据，就是两个句子直接连在一起，既未使用连词，也未使用正确的标点符号。
接连句：Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正确句一：Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However， they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正确句二：Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however， they have greater freedom in planning their time.
3).句子连接不正确
所谓句子连接不正确，就是两个独立的句子之间以逗号连接，这是不合英语语法的。正确的做法是以连词、分号、冒号、句号等连接两个句子。
不正确句：Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change， there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
正确句：Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change， so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
篇7：托福写作基础句型
1、关于篇幅：
请大家务必要把作文的长度保持在300字以上，最好能有400字左右。
2、文章的文体格式(style)：
托福写作的格式可以参照ETS所要求的论文体(academic)来写的。
3、文章中的修辞手法：
大家不妨在文章中使用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞手法，甚至引用和倒装这样的假修辞都会是你的加分法宝。
4、关键句的句型：
关键句是指首段观点句、理由段首句和结论段首句。同时，关键句一定要使用复杂句，最好是使用倒装句或强调句，这也是获得高分的关键。
5、用词多样化：
同一意思尽量用不同的词来表达而不要重复。
6、例证的准确使用。
例证的使用，也是考生们比较难把握的。建议大家平时多看托福写作题库，并且多思考。多搜集话题，为自己多多准备例证内容，争取做到烂熟与胸。
托福写作的六种误区
把TS (Thesis Statement ) 写成以主语I 开头。给人感觉是“announcement ”
Eg: As far as I am concerned , I think………
I maintain that ……精品网(www．Examda。com)
好的TS 应该是个opinion ，没必要说I think …..
2. 避免陈词滥调，认为某些词汇是高级词汇，能够体现自己的文才。其实已经过时
Eg: at last but not the least…
Concerning/regarding (修改成about)来源：
3. 以为在写supporting 的时候只是重复废话。忽略评分标准的(well- developed )
4.陈旧的段落连接， 好的连接是内容上的自然连接，而不是看到文章firstly , secondly …
这正如好的吹牛是不给听者留下任何吹牛的迹象， 但已经吹过了。
5.无聊的重复topic sentence 内容用来作为结尾段。目的是增加字树。 重复总结原文在ESSAY里面只用于长的文章，就托福写作在重复一次，那是在侮辱读者的智商。
6.关于词汇多样性/句法多样性， 好的词汇是多样性而具体的词汇。 好的句子是简单和有效的句子，符合SAT/ GMAT 语法。
篇8：托福写作基础句型
1. 高等教育给我们提供的质量、多样的机会以及广泛的选择范围是每个人想要去上大学的核心动机。
The quality and diversity of opportunities and the spread spectrum of choices higher education can provide us is the core motive for everyone intending to attend university.
积累词汇：
core n. 核心，要点，果心；vt. 挖...的核
core values 核心价值观
motive n. 动机，目的，主题； adj. 发动的，成为动机的； vt. 使产生动机，激起
motive power 原动力
2.人们相信，必须上大学的原因是因为从大学中可以获得想法，机会，资质，深层次的知识以及科学领域的专业知识。
It is believed that the ideas, opportunities, qualifications, in-depth knowledge and expertise in science areas often make attending university imperative.
积累词汇：
in-depth adj. 彻底的，深入的
in-depth interview 深入访谈，深度访问
expertise n.专门知识，专门技术,专家的意见
expertise report 鉴定书，法医学鉴定书，检验报告
psychiatric expertise 精神疾病，精神鉴定，精神病学鉴定，精神病司法鉴定
imperative adj. 必要的，不可避的紧急的，命令的，专横的，势在必行的， （语）祈使句; n. 必要的事，命令，需要，规则，（语）祈使语
3. 最后但并不是最重要的，我想说的是大学的目的是获得知识和受教育。
Last but not least, I wish to say that the purpose of university is to harvest knowledge and to being educated.
积累词汇：
last but not least 最后但并不是最重要的
the last but not least 最后同样重要的是
last but not not least 最后但也是最重要的
harvest n. 收货，产量，结果；vt. 收割，得到
harvester 收割机
bumper harvest 丰收
educate vt. 教育，培养，训练
educational adj. 有教育意义的
education n. 教育
educationalist n. 教育家；
4.知识是一个非常有力量的工具，掌握了它就可以减少几乎人生当中所有的问题。
Knowledge is such a powerful tool that possessing it can diminish nearly all life problems.
积累词汇：
Possess vt. 控制，使掌握，持有，迷住，拥有，具备
possessive adj. 占有的，所有的，所有格的，占有欲强的
possession n. 拥有，财产，领地，自制，着迷
diminish vt. 使减少，使变小
diminish inflammation 消炎
nearly adv. 差不多，几乎，密切地
nearly ready 快准备好了
5.几乎可以确定的是，我们的家长是我们生命伊始的最佳老师，这也符合了父母的本质。
Almost for sure our parents are the best teachers at the beginning of our lives, which actually corresponds to the parents’ role in nature.
积累词汇：
for sure 确实，毫无疑问地
know for sure 确定地知道
nobody knows for sure 糊涂账
actually adv. 实际上，事实上
actualization n. 实现，现实化
actualize vt. 实施，实行，实现
correspond to 相当于..., 符合于...
correspond to orderliness 合乎规律性
6.他们有一种为了让孩子更好而去牺牲自己的本能。
They have a kind of instinct to sacrifice a part of themselves for the betterment of their children.
积累词汇：
instinct n. 本能，直觉，天性； adj. 充满着的
ego instinct 自我本能
by instinct 处于本能
instinct for... 有...的天分，生来就
sacrifice n. 牺牲，祭品，供奉；
vt. 牺牲，献祭，亏本出售
sacrifice quality 降低品质
sacrifice ratio 牺牲率
at the sacrifice of... 以牺牲...为代价
betterment n. 改善，改进，改良，涨价
betterment approaches 完善途径
betterment expense 固定资产良费用；
7.在很多文化中，青少年都是臭名昭著般得叛逆，他们会自动地排斥任何来自父母的意见。
Adolescents are notoriously rebellious in many cultures and many automatically reject any advice from their parents.
积累词汇：
adolescent adj. 青春期的，未成熟的；n. 青少年
adolescence n. 青春期
notoriously adv. 众所周知地，声名狼藉地，恶名昭彰地
notoriety n. 恶名，声名狼藉，丑名
automatically adv. 自动地，机械地，无意识地
adj. 不经思索的
automatically compensate 自动补偿
automatically assign 自动指定
automation n. 自动化
automatize vt. 使自动化
reject vt. 拒绝，排斥，抵制，丢弃
n. 被丢弃之物或人，次品
rejective adj. 拒绝的，排斥的
rejection n. 抛弃，拒绝，被抛弃的东西
8.但是这些人的努力结果不是直接供给食物，而是用钱的方式呈现。
But the outcome of the efforts of the people is not a direct supply of food; rather it is in the form of money.
积累词汇：
outcome n. 结果，结局，成果
outcome assessment 结果评价
therapeutic outcome 治疗结果；
direct adj. 直接的，直系的，亲身的，恰好的
vt. 管理，指挥，导演，指向
direct selling 直销
directory adj. 指导的
director n. 主任，主管，导演
supply n. 供给，补给，供应品
vt.供给，提供，补充
supplementary adj. 补充的
supplier n. 供应厂商
supply chain 供应链；
9.在过去，做饭，对于那些单单只是为了吃的人来说，是一个累赘的花费时间的工作。
In old days, preparing food was cumbersome and time-consuming work for those who do it solely for eating purposes.
积累词汇：
cumbersome adj. 笨重的，累赘的，难处理的
operating cumbersome 操作繁琐
time-consuming adj. 耗时的，旷日持久的
total time-consuming 总耗时
solely adv. 单独地，唯一地
sole adj. 唯一的，单独的，仅有的
10.先进技术的运用使得做饭对于那些最懒惰的人都是可行的。
The use of technological advancement makes preparing food practical even for the clumsiest person.
积累词汇：
technological adj. 技术的，工艺的
technological design 工艺设计
technological development 技术发展
technology n. 技术
technologist n. 技术专家
technician n. 技师
advancement n. 前进，进步，提升
career advancement 职场晋升
technology advancement 技术进展
advanced adj. 先进的，高级的；
clumsiest clumsy 的最高级
clumsy adj. 笨拙的，不得当的；
clumsiness n. 笨拙，粗陋，不漂亮
11. 有营养的食物是生活基本，食物已经成为许多战争的原因。
Nutritious food is very essential for life, and food has been the cause of many a battle.
积累词汇：
nutritious adj. 有营养的，滋养的
nutritious element 营养成分
nutritionist 营养学家
essential adj. 基本的，必要的，本质的，精
华的；n. 要素，要点，必需品
essential condition 必要条件
essential oil 精油
essentiality n. 重要性，本质，真髓，根本性
battle n. 战役，斗争
vt. 与…作战；vi. 斗争，作战
half the battle 有助于成功的条件，成功一半；battleship 战舰
battler 战斗者，勇士
12.在柜台上，加工食品，罐装食品和所有垃圾食品的激增，完全不是一件好事情。
The sudden rise in processed and canned food and all the junk food that one gets over the counter is not totally a boon.
积累词汇：
processed adj. 处理的，加工过的；v. 处理，加工
finely processed 加工精细
get over the counter 在柜台上
boon n. 恩惠，福利，利益
adj. 愉快的，慷慨的
13.它甚至可以称为人类文化的倒退。
It could even be termed as a retrograde step in human culture.
积累词汇：
be termed as 被叫做…
retrograde adj. 倒退的，退化的，次序颠倒的；
vi. 逆行，倒退，退步
vt. 使倒退； adv. 倒退地，向后地
retrograde orbit 逆行轨道
in retrograde 向后，倒退地
culture n. 文化，文明，修养，栽培
vt. （细胞）培养
culture industry 文化产业
cultural adj. 文化的，教养的
14. 真的很难决定两个中哪一个更重要，因为通常情况下，从经验获得的知识可以补充书本上的知识，而不是替代它
It is really difficult to determine which of the two to be of much greater importance, because normally knowledge gained from experience complements that acquired from books, but not substitutes it.
积累词汇：
determine v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定
vt. 决定，确定，判定，判决，限定；vi. 确定，决定，判决，终止，（主要用于法律）了结，终止，结束
determine property 确定属性
determination 决心，果断
normally adv. 正常地，通常的，一般地
normally tired 总感觉疲乏
normalization 正常化，标准化，正规化，常态化
complements n 补足语，其余产品，互补品
（complement的复数）
补充（complement的三单形式）
cytokines complements 细胞因子
consequential complements 结果补语
object complement 宾语补足语，宾补
substitute n. 代用品，代替者
vi. 替代； vt. 代替
substitute fuel 代用燃料
substitute for 代替，取代
substitutable adj. 可替换的
15. 然而两个中没有哪一个比另一个绝对好，我认为实际经验会更重要一些。
While none of the two can be considered as absolute for the other, I would place the practical experience in a little bit advance position in terms of importance.
积累词汇：
a little bit 一点点
advance n. 发展，前进，增长，预付款；
vt. 提出，预付，使…前进，将…提前；vi. 前进，进展，上涨；adj. 预先的，先行的
advance account 预付款账户
advance deposit 定金
advanced adj. 先进的，高级的，晚期的，老年
的
in advance 预先，提前
in advance of… 超过…, 在…前面
advance in 进步，改进
position n. 位置，方位，职位，工作，姿态，
站位；vt. 安置，把…放在适当位置
financial position 财务状况
prone position 卧姿
initial position 初始位置
leading position 首要地位
geographical position 地理位置
strategic position 战略地位
invincible position 不败之地
positioner (机)定位器
16首先也是最重要的原因在于大工厂实际上肯定会引发的污染。
The first and foremost reason lies in the virtually inevitable pollution that a large factory is a bound to bring about.
积累词汇：
foremost adj. 最重要的，最先的
adv. 首先，居于首位地
foremost expert 一流的专家
faith foremost 诚信至上；
virtually adv. 事实上，几乎，实质上
virtually unimaginable 简直不堪想象
inevitable adj. 必然的，不可避免的
inevitable trend 必然趋势
inevitably adv. 不可避免地，必然地
inevitability n. 必然性，不可避免
bring about 引起，使掉头
spark bring about 激发，发动
17. 但是不幸的是，历史已经见证了许多的反例。
But unfortunately, history has witnessed numerous counterexamples.
积累词汇：
unfortunately adv. 不幸地
unfortunately missing 不幸丢失
unfortunately limited 可惜能力有限
numerous adj. 许多的， 很多的
counterexample n. 反例
counterexample method 反例法
18. 这不会随着我们的穿着和我们所拥有的东西停止，他会延伸至我们同龄人的行为方式。
This does not stop with just what we wear and own, and it also extends to the way we behave in our peer group.
积累词汇：
extend to 延伸至，扩至，适用范围扩及，给予
extend appreciation to 给予了赞赏
behave vi. 表现；vt. 使守规矩，使表现得…
behave politely 表现礼貌
behave outstandingly 举止不凡
behavior 行为，举止，态度，反应
peer group 同龄群体
peer education group 同伴教育小组
19. 对于是否同意电视已经破坏了家人和朋友之间的交流，是一件平衡正反两方面的事情。
To agree or disagree with the statement that television has destroyed the communication among family and friends is a matter of balancing its pros and cons.
积累词汇：
statement n. 声明，陈述，叙述，报表，清单
cost statement 成本报表
funds statement 资金表
income statement 损益表
joint statement 联合声明
destroy vt. 破坏，消灭，毁坏
destroyable adj. 可毁灭的，可粉碎的
destroyer n. 驱逐舰，破坏者，起破坏
作用的事情
pros and cons 正反两方面，赞成者和反对者
pros and cons quite 利弊相当
weigh pros and cons 权衡利弊
20.虽然如此，城市生活使得找工作更为便利的事实不能阻止我们总结出来乡村生活更加的令人愉悦，健康，同时也不能阻止我们相信乡村生活一直是一个明智的选择。
Nevertheless, the fact that city life makes it more convenient to purchase a job does not prevent us from concluding that country life is more enjoyable as well as healthful and placing a certain amount of reliance on the notion that country life is always the sensible choice.
积累词汇：
nevertheless adv. 然而，不过，虽然如此
conj. 然而，不过
reliance n. 信赖，信心，受信赖的人或物
self reliance 自力更生
reliant adj. 依赖的，可靠的，信赖的
notion n. 概念，见解，打算
scientific notion 科学观
notional adj. 概念性的，想象的，抽象的
sensible adj. 明智的，合乎情理的，通情达
理的，意识到的，能感觉到的
sensible eating 合理饮食
sensibility n. 情感，敏感性，感觉，识别力；sensibilize vi. 使感觉敏锐
★ 托福写作满分
★ 托福写作省时攻略
★ 托福写作进阶练习
