语法专项训练 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
“天气晚来秋”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了18篇语法专项训练 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)，以下是小编精心整理后的语法专项训练 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)，希望对大家有所帮助。
- 目录
- 第1篇：语法专项训练 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)第2篇：语法专项系列之一冠词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第3篇：语法专项系列之二代词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第4篇：南京高二英语专项训练 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第5篇：高中语法专项二 倒装` (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第6篇：语法：省略句与高考 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)第7篇：人教版 高三 英语作文常用句型专项训练）第8篇：人教版 高三 英语作文常用句型专项训练）第9篇：时态 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)第10篇：被动语态 ````(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)第11篇：试题(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)第12篇：高中语法专项八 V-ed分词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第13篇：高中语法专项七 V-ing 分词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第14篇：中考英语：语法时态专项训练第15篇：人教版高三英语部分语法第16篇：语法系列讲座25 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第17篇：语法-----动词和动词短语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)第18篇：中学语法 代词` (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
篇1：语法专项训练 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
语法专项训练
第一节 名词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。
1． 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，主要有专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词。常考的有：advice, news, progress, money, furniture, fun, weather, information, luck, housework, wood, rice, grass, soap, medicine, work, bread, meat, wealth, music等。
2． 可数名词有单、复数之分，但下列名词常以复数形式出现。
Manners(礼貌), goods(货物), sands(河滩), ashes(灰烬), glasses(眼镜), make preparations for(准备), congratulations(祝贺), drinks(饮料), works(著作), tears(眼泪), regards(问候), thanks(感谢), trousers(裤子), clothes(衣服), sports(运动), plastics (塑料制品), means(方法手段)
3． 部分词可数、不可数意义不同。如：a paper(报纸); word(消息); a word(词)。
二、抽象名词具体化，不可数名词与可数名词的转化也是高考常考知识。
1． 部分抽象名词前有形容词修饰时，常须加冠词。
a bright future, have a good/ nice/ wonderful time, a great help, a good education, a wonderful supper/ lunch/ dinner
2． 与动词同形的名词构成的短语常加冠词。
have a look, go for a walk, have a smoke, make an answer, have a sleep
3． 部分情绪或心理活动的情感名词，表示抽象概念时，不可数；表示具体的事时，可数。如：
surprise (u.) 惊奇，诧异 in surprise
(c.) 令人惊奇的事 What a surprise!
pity (u.) 怜悯，同情 have pity on sb.
(c.) 可惜的事，憾事 It’s a pity
pleasure (u.) 愉快，高兴 with pleasure
(c.) 乐趣，乐事 It is a pleasure.
三、名词直接作定语与名词所有格作定语不一样，名词作定语主要有：
1． 表示类别：
coffee cup (咖啡杯) man doctor (男医生)
English lesson (英语课) college student (大学生)
shoe shop (鞋店) street light (路灯)
2． 表示原材料：
stone house (石头房子) straw hat (草帽)
wood desk (木桌) paper money (纸币)
3． 表示用途
lunch room (午餐室) sports field (运动场)
注：（1）名词作定语一般用单数，但某些须用复数形式；
a clothes shop, s sports meet, a sales girl, a goods train
(2) man, women 通常与名词一起变复数
men teachers, women drivers
(3) 所有格作定语与名词直接作定语意义不一样
a man driver (男司机)， a man’s driver (男士的司机)
四、名词的所有格
1． 在词尾加’s 表示“所属、所有”。
（1） 有生命的或被看作有生命名词的所有格一般加’s。
如：the worker’s name, the government’s plan, his brother’s bike, women’s Day
（2）表示国家、城市、时间、度量、天体、价值等无生命的名词的所有格加’s。如：China’s industry, the earth’s satellite, the Party’s policy, today’s newspaper, two miles’ walk
（3）表示某店铺、某人的家或省略上文提到的名词时，名词所有格后面的中心词常省略。
如：the Wangs’ , at my uncles’, the barber’s
（4）表示多人共同所有的同一物，在最后一个词尾加’s, 表示多人各自所有时，须分别加’s.
如：Mary and Jane’s room (共有)，Li Hua’s and Zhang Ying’s bikes (分别所有)
（5）以s结尾的复数名词一般加 “ ’ ”，以s结尾的专有名词加 “ ’ ” 或 “ ’s ”.
如：the boys’ desks the teachers’ desks
Engels’s works/ Engels’ works Dickens’/ Dickens’s book
（6）复合名词、不定代词、相互代词或以整体形式出现的名词一般在最末单词后加“ ’s ”
如：somebody else’s bike, whose else’s car, my daughter-in-law’s house
2． 用of表示所有格
（1） 无生命的名词一般用of表示所属关系。
如：the lights of the street, the parks of the city, the map of the country
（2） 某些有生命的名词的所有格两者均可，但修饰语较长时，须用of表示。
如：monkey’s tail/ the tail of the monkey
the story of the brave sisters
the son of the old man who lived in the country
3． 词的双重所有格，由 “of + 名词 + ’s ”或 “of + 名词性物主代词” 构成。
（1） 表示所属物的名词有冠词、不定代词或数词时（如：a, some, no, the, any, one, few等）。
a friend of her mother’s = one of her mother’s friends;
a photo of mine = one of my photos
（2） 被修饰的名词前有指示代词时或用来表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩时。
Everyone loves the little son of his sister’s.
We all dislike that pride of Tom’s. 我们都讨厌汤姆那种骄傲态度。
▲专项练习强化
1. A rough estimate, Nigeria is__________ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of
2. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _______ was seen at its best when he worked with others.
A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character
3. I am sure David will be able to find the library-he has a pretty good _______ of direction.
A．idea B．feeling C．experience D．sense
4. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______.
A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind
5. My ______ of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
6. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _________ all over the country.
A．companies B．branches C．organizations D．businesses
7. --- I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.
--- There is no ____ for this while you are on duty.
A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation
8. “I don’t think it’s my _____ that the TV blew upl I just turned it on, that’s all.” said the boy.
A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty
9. One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ____ in the number of natural disasters.
A. result B. account C. reason D. increase
10. Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their ____, some people drink alcohol.
A. temper B. mood C. consciousness D. pressures
11.-How can I use this washing machine?
-Well, just refer to the ________.
A. explanations B. expressions C. introductions D. directions
12. I keep medicines on the top shelf , out of the children’s .
A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place
13.--Yang Yang carried off the first Winter Olympic ______ medal for China.
--Great! What ______ she won for our motherland!
A. golden; honour B. gold; honour C. golden; honours D. gold; honours
14. People need _________to live, which is measured in calories.
A. power B. energy C. strength D. force
15. Since the factory brought in the new technology, the _________ has risen _________ 20%.
A. products; by B. produce; from C. production; at D. production; by
16. The happy _______ of children playing in the garden disappears, and it is quiet again.
A. scene B. scenery C. scare D. spot
17. -Don’t do that again. Don’t you think it ______ time?
-But it may ______to be successful.
A. waste of; turn B. wastes of; turn in
C. waste of; turn up D. a waste of; turn out
18. In the storm, the three of us took under a big tree at the foot of the hill.
A. a cover B. a shower C. shelter D. care
19. My son is training hard on the state football team and he is showing great a great player.
A. interest in B. hope for C. experience of D. promise as
20. You’ll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
第二节 冠词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、词的基本用法
1．不定冠词a/an的用法：
（1）an 用于以元音开头的词前。如：an orange
a用于以辅音开头的词前。如：a book
注意：a university a useful book a European country
（2）泛指某人或事物，或表示类别。
She is a newcomer to chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
（3）意为one 或every。
He should take the medicine three times a day.
（4）用语某些固定词组中。
all of a sudden, a few, a bit, a little
（5）不定代词的位置，一般置名词前，但置such, half等词后
a book an important report half a book such a book
注：so/ too/ how + 形容词 + a + 名词
He is so good a man that all like him.
2．定冠词的用法
（1）表示特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.
（2）指世界上独一无二的事物。
如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the stars
（3）用在形容词前表一类人。
The rich should help the poor.
（4）用于姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇俩。
The Blacks are going to call on the Whites.
（5）用于整十位的复数数词前，指某世纪的某个年代。
in the 1970’s/ in the 1970s 在20实际70年代
in the fifties 在五十年代
（6）用于由普通名词构成的专有名词以及江、河、湖等名词前。
the United States, the Yellow River, the West Lake
（7）用于乐器名称前面。
Alice is fond of playing the piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.
（8）用于下列固定结构中。
the younger of the two boys
The sooner, the better.
The guard caught him by the arm.
二、不定冠词的情况
（1）物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词（人名、地名）一般不用冠词，但物质名词、抽象名词具体化或专有名词泛指时，常用不定冠词。
Mr Zhang wants to visit Beijing.
A Mr Zhang wants you to go for a walk.
（2）泛指节假日、季节、月份、星期几时不用冠词。
on New Year’s Day/ Children’s Day, in June, on Friday, in winter
（3）球类、棋类名词、学科名词前不用冠词
Tom likes playing volleyball while I like playing football.
This term we will study maths, physics and chemistry.
（4）餐名前一般不用冠词。
have/ at/ after/ before breakfast (lunch, supper, dinner)
但餐名前如有形容词修饰时，长用a/ an; 特指时也需用the.
They had a wonderful dinner.
The lunch was well cooked on Women’s Day.
（5）含有对比意义或习惯上一起使用的普通名词并列时，不用冠词。
day and night, body and soul, knife and fork, husband and wife, arm in arm
（6）by + 交通工具，不用冠词
by car/ bus/ boat/ bike/ air/ sea/ plane
但 in/ on a train/ bus, in a car, in a boat, on a bike, take a bus
（7）注意下列习惯用法，有无冠词意义不一样
go to college (上大学) go to the college (到学院去)
go to school (上学) go to the school (到学校去)
go to hospital (看医生) go to the hospital (到医院去)
at see (出海) at the sea (在海边)
in charge of (管理、负责) in the charge of (由……主管、负责)
at table (吃饭) at the table (在桌旁)
four of us (我们中的四人，我们不只四人)
the four of us (我们四人，我们只有四人)
▲专项练习强化
1. When he left college , he got a job as reporter in a newspaper office .
A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. a ; the D. the ; the
2. I knew ______ John Lennon, but not ______ famous one.
A. 不填；a B. a；the C. 不填；the D. the；a
3. I can't remember when exactly the Robinsons left __ city. I only remember it was ____ Monday.
A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a
4. On May 5, 2005, at ________World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao
won the gold medal in men's doubles with ________ score of 4: 1.
A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a
5. If you grow up in ______ large family, you are more likely to develop ______ ability to get on
well with ________ others.
A．/; an; the B．a; the; / C．the; an; the D．a; the; the
6. If you go by _________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get __________ fast one.
A．the; the B．不填；a C．the; a D．不填；不填
7.The most important thing about cotton in history is part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
A.不填；不填 B. the；不填 C. the ;the D. a; the
8. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.
A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the
9. This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ______ school and worked for a
newspaper at the age of 16.
A．the; the B．a; the C．the; 不填 D．a; 不填
10.The sign reads“ In case of _______fire, break the glass and push _______red button.”
A.不填;a B.不填; the C. the ;the D. a ;a
11. I earn 10 dollars ____ hour as ____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
A. a… an B. the… a C. an… a D. an… the
12. Historically, ________ main material for making tables has been wood, but ________ metal and stone have also been used.
A. the;不填 B.不填；不填 C. the; the D.不填；the
13. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discover
which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of color.
A. a…不填 B. a…the C. 不填…the D. the…a
14.The party last night was ____success. We sang and danced until it came to ___ end at twelve.
A. a; an B. a; the C. the; an D./; an
15. --Do you mind if I change another book? Because ___ page of the book is torn, and ___cover looks dirty.
--No, of course not.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
16. ____Shanghai you see today is quite ____different city from what it used to be.
A. The; / B. /; the C. The; a D.A; a
17. Many people believed that ____prison isn't___only cure for law-breakers.
A. a; the B./; the C. the; the D. the; a
18. The young manager already speaks ___English like a native. Now he's learning___really difficult language Arabic.
A. an; a B./; the C. the; a D./; a
19. --Have you seen__watch? I left it here this morning.
--I think I saw one somewhere. Is it ___new one?
A. a; / B. a; the C. the; a D. a; a
20.--I hear the workers in this factory get paid by ____ week. --Correct, and most of them get about 300 yuan_____ week.
A./; a B. the;/ C. a; the D. the; a
第二节 代词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、代词的分类及其基本用法
单数 复数 功能
第一人称 第二人称 第三
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三
人称
人称代词 主格 I you he, she, it we you they 主
宾格 me you him, her, it us you them 宾
物主代词 形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their 宾
名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs 主、宾、表
反身代词 myself your- self himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves 同位语宾
指示代词 this, that these, those 定、主、宾
相互代词 宾格 each other, one another 宾
所有格 each other’s, one another’s 定
不定代词 可数 each, one, many (a)few, bother, another , either, neither 主、定、宾
不可数 much, (a)little
可数，不可数 all, some, none, such, any, other 定、主、宾
复合
不定代词 anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything 主、宾、表
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 主、宾、定
连接代词 who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever) 主、宾、定
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as 主、宾、定
例：His camera is more expensive than hers.
Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of theirs.
Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it themselves.
二、it的用法是高考常考点。
1． it 代前面提到过的人或事物。
Someone is knocking at the door, who is it?
He has lost his car but he can’t find it.
2． 指时间、距离、天气、环境等。
It is ten minutes’ walk.
It is raining hard.
3． 用作引导词，代替动作、不定式或that从句在句中作主语、宾语等。
（1） 形式主语
It is very kind of you to help me.
It is no use crying for spilt milk.
It takes me two hours to finish the work.
（2） 形式宾语，当复合宾语中的宾语为动名词、不定式、宾语从句时，常将宾语置宾补后，而用it 作形式宾语。
We found it no use quarrelling with her.
Mary thought it very important to read English aloud.
She made it known that he had beaten her before.
4． 用于强调句。用来突出、强调句子的某一部分（主要是句子的主语、宾语、状语等）。
（1） 被前掉部分指人时，用who或that均可。
It was jenny that/who I saw yesterday.
（2） 指物、时间、地点等用that。
Was it in this palace that the last emperor died?
It was during the second world war that he died?
（3） 被强调的部分有人、物时只能用that。
It was the things and people that I still remember when I was a child.
（4） 被前掉的代词的格式与原句的格式一致。
It is her that he wants to see.
It is we who want to see her.
（5） 被前掉的如是原句的主语，谓语在人称和数上应和原句的主语一致。
It is I who am going to study there.
（6） 强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词时，须将疑问词置句首，仍是疑问句。
Who is it that will come to see us?
（7） 强调名词从句中的特殊疑问词时，须将疑问词置从句之前。
I don’t know what it is that he wants.
（8） 对not…until…强调时，应将not until连在一起。
It was not until you told me about it that I knew the news.
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous star.
三、部分不定代词的区分也是高考考查的重点
1. it, one, that, ones
it: 替代特定的同一事物，可代指不可数名词或可数名词单数，复数为them;
one: 替代一个不确定的泛指的人或无，只代指可数名词单数，复数为ones;
that: 代指特定的，但不是同一的事物，可代指不可数名词或单数可数名词，复数为 those.
比较：Peter lost his English book but he found it.
He was looking forward to a bike and he now has one.
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Wuhan.
2. some, any, one
(1) any 常用语否定句、疑问句或掉件状语从句中，some 多用语具有肯定意义的句中。
There are some books on the table. There aren’t any pens.
(2) some 也可用语说话人期待肯定回答或语气婉转的场合，any 意为“任何”时可用于肯定句，后接单数或复数名词。
Would you like some tea?
Any student can do it.
(3) one 可泛指任何人，可置形容词或the, that, this 等词之后代指刚提到的可数名词，复数为ones, 反身代词为 oneself。
The book is not the one I’m looking for.
One should respect oneself.
3. the other, other, others, another
(1) the others “其余的人或物”，指一定范围内的所有其余部分。others “另外的人或事物，其他的人或事物”，指没有明确特指的别的人或物。
This book is better that the others.
We should not think of ourselves but more of others.
(2) the other 接单数名词意为“两个中的另一个”，接复数名词，表示“一定范围内的另外一些人/物”。
He has a hat in one hand and a flower in the other.
Can you visit the other farms besides this?
(3) another “其他，别的”，指不定数目（超过两个）中的另一个。
This hat is too small. Show me another.
(4) other 不单独使用，后需接单数或复数名词，表示无范围的“另外的，别的”；此外 other 和another 还可与数词连用，注意词序不同。
Another + 数词 + 复数名词； 数词 + other + 复数名词
Tommy is going camping wither two other little boys.
If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay another $15.
4. either, neither, both, none, all
all可代指或修饰可数名词（三个或以上）或不可数名词；both 指两个人或物；either 指两者中的任何一个；neither 指两者中任何一个都不；none 可代指可数名词（三个或以上）或不可数名词，“一个也没有”，“一点也没有”。
We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because none of us had any money on us.
---Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?
---If you keep still, you can sit at either end.
▲专项练习强化
1. I think he's just going to deal with this problem ______ day.
A. next B. other C. following D. another
2. First ,it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make
you different from .
A．everyone else B．the other C．someone else D．the rest
3. You will find as you read fiats book that you just can't keep some of these stones to ______.
You will want to share them with a friend.
A. itself B. yourself C. himself D. themselves
4. Cars do cause us some health problems -in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones
do.
A．one B．ones C．it D．those
5. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.
A．it B．she C．which D．he
6. I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than________ in the city.
A. ones B. one C. that D. those
7. The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .
A．that B．it C．this D．him
8. She had long been expecting a chance to study abroad, and at last she got _____.
A. it B. that C. another D. one
9. I think the chairs are not enough. We still need ______ 20 ones.
A. another B. the other C. other D. some other
10. - Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
- Yes. He’s never interested in what ______ is doing.
A. no one else B. anyone else C. someone else D. nobody else
11. I don’t think we’ve met before. You’re taking me for ______.
A. some other B. someone else C. other person D. one other
12.-There's coffee and tea ;you can have__________.
-Thanks.
A. either B. each C. one C. it
13. –Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard .
-Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C.I D. me
14. Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ____ two weeks.
A. another B. other C. the other D. other’s
15. I prefer a flat in Inverness to _______in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’ s.
A. one B. that C. it D. this
16．We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
17. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after______ he' s done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
18. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got______to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one
19. It is easy to do the repair , you need is a hammer and some nails .
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
20.- One week’s time has been wasted.
- I can’t believe we did all that work for .
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
第三节 数词和介词
▲ 知识要点总述
数词
1.基数词
(1)hundred, thousand, million, billion表示确切的数目时不能加s，但在表示不确切数目时要用复数形式。
five
篇2：语法专项系列之一冠词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法专项系列之一
冠词
1. 种类: 定冠词和不定冠词及零冠词.
2. 冠词与可数名词搭配表示类别
有三种: 不定冠词+名词(强调任何一个) , 定冠词+名词(强调整个类属), 名词的复数形式.
3. 在发明物前用the , by + 手段, 方式 不加art. 但用介词on/ over/ through 则加art.
如: on the radio, over a phone, through a newspaper
4. 特定词组中不用冠词
①. turn/ go 后作补语的名词
turn writer/ go socialist = become a writer/ socialist
②. 在 引起的让步状语从句倒装结构中
Child as he is, ----
Hero as he was, ----
③. 在某些独立结构中.
He entered the room, book in hand.
但加上with 后用限定词.
He entered the room, with a book in hand.
④. 序数词作副词,或作名词表 “名次”时
First read fast.
He came first in the game.
⑤. 形容词最高级作表语只用来同本身做比较时, 并无一定范围.
Vegetables are best when they are fresh.
⑥. 表称呼或职位,军衔的名词做表语, 同位语和补语时,
Tom is monitor in our class.
We made Tom monitor in our class.
⑦. 常见词组:
at war/ peace/ table/ work/college/ sea
by force/ air/ sea/ train
in bed/ hospital/ peace/ ink/ public/ time of
take possession of
lose heart
5. 冠词词组
①. 位于such. What/ many/ half 后
Many a man is fit for the job.
②. as, so, to, how, however, enough,+ adj. + a/ an,
eg. as happy a day
③. quite / rather a day
但可以说: rather/quite a cold day
a rather/quite cold day
④. 在让步状语从句中, 有:
Brave a man though he is, he failed.
⑤. 倍数+ the + n.
twice the students
6. 有无冠词, 意义不同的词组:
in course of 正在进行中 in the course of 在---期间, 在过程中
out of question 没问题 out of the question 不可能
in charge of 负责,掌管 in the charge of 在---的主管下
in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被---拥有
at table 在吃饭 at the table 坐在桌旁
in front of in the front of
by sea 坐船 by the sea 在海边
in case of 假使, 万一 in the case of 就---而言, 至于
by day 在白天 by the day 按日, 按天
on watch 值班,守望 on the watch 看守着, 提防着
to death 极度, 非常 to the death 致死, 到底
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇3：语法专项系列之二代词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法专项系列之二
代词
1. 并列代词的顺序:
单数为: 二, 三，一, You , he and I should return on time.
复数为: 一， 二, 三, We , you , and they are all right.
2. 反身代词的几种用法:
feel / be ~ 身体好, 行动正常, He is not quite himself today.
by ~ = alone
for~ 亲自
enjoy ~/ = have a good time
seat~ = sit
devote ~ to ---
help ~ to
come to ~ 苏醒过来
make ~ at home 不拘束, 不客气
3. each other/ one another
前者指两者互相, 后者指三者或以上互相, 所有格, 直接在它们后加’s
4. other/ the other/ another
other 常与复数名词和不可数名词连用, 但当可数名前有the / this/ that 等修饰时可用.
the other 是两者中的另一个, 常与one 连用 形成: one --- the other 或the other + 复数名词=the others
another 是三者或以上的任何一个, 也表示 再, 另, 和数词搭配 如: another three
5. it/ one/ that 做替代词的区别
it同类同物
one同类不同物
that后常有of短语修饰时, 或有过去分词, 从句等修饰.
6. none/ no one/ nothing
none 指代人或物, 单复数都可以, 可和of短语连用, 用来回答how many/ much疑问
no one 指 人, 只用可数, 不跟of短语, 回答who 疑问句
nothing 指物, 回答what
eg.
No one / nobody is absent today.
----Did you have any trouble with the customs? ----- None
7. few, little, a few, a little
8. either, neither 表两者, 可跟 of短语 谓语动词用单数形式
9. 部分否定与全部否定
但否定词与all , both, every及every类(everybody/ everyone/ everything)的词连用时, 不论否定词的位置前后都表部分否定
如: Not all the ss are working hard.
All the students are not working hard.
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you .
用none, no one, nobody, nothing表全部否定
10. every / each
every 强调集体, 指三者或以上, 与not 连用表部分否定
each 强调个体, 可接of 短语, 指两者或以上, 与not连用表全部否定
11. any, 在肯定句中指两者或以上的人或事中的任何一个
any 类 用于否定/疑问/条件句中不表任何意义
anyone= anybody 仅指人
any one 指人或物
12. some
修饰 可数名词或不可数
表 “某一”时= a certain some 后不跟复数名词, 而certain 可跟复数名词
13. 疑问代词的注意点:
who 在句中可做主语或宾语, 但是不能跟介词后
whom 在句中只作宾语,
what 无范围
which 知在一定的范围的哪一个
如: The ties are all in good quality and style, so I don’t know which one to choose from.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇4：南京高二英语专项训练 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
2南京高二英语专项训练
005-10-30
非谓语动词
基础过关题
1.Mike didn’t start ____ the importance of a foreign language till he graduated from school.
A. knowing B. to know C. know D. to have know
2.------- Why was a special meeting called ?
------_____ a new chairman.
A. To elect B. Electing C. Our electing D. Elected
3.----- Why did Bob sweep?
------He couldn’t bear _____ like that before the whole class.
A. making fun of B. being made fun of C. to be laugh at D. being made fun
4.At the shopping center ,he didn’t know what ____ and ____ with an empty bag.
A. to buy ; leave B. to be bought ; left C. to buy ; left D. was to buy ; leave
5.The students are forbidden , unless they have special passes ,_____ after 11 pm.
A. to stay out B. from staying out C. staying out D. not to stay out
6.The policeman put down the phone ,____ with a smile on his face.
A. satisfied B. satisfying C. to be satisfied D. having satisfied
7._____ , your composition is full of mistakes.
A. Writing carelessly B. Written carelessly
C. Having written carelessly D. Being written carelessly
8.She made a candle , ____ us light .
A. give B. gave C. to give D. given
9.------What do you suppose made her worried ?
----- _____ a gold ring.
A. Lose B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
10.I know it’s not important , but I can’t help _____ about it.
A. to think B. and think C. thinking D. being thought
11.The food _____ at the moment is for the dinner party .
A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked
12. A kind old gentleman offered ____ my bags to the taxi stand .
A. his help carried B. carrying C. me to carry D. to help to carry
13. I could feel the wind ____ on my face from an open window .
A. to blow B. blowing C. to be blowing D. brown
14. ------What terrible weather ! I simply can’t get the car ____.
----- Why not try ____ the engine with some hot water.
A. started ; filling B. start ; filling C. started ; to fill D. to start ; fill
15. Nearly every great building in Beijing was built _____ south.
A. to face B. facing C. to have played D. being facing
16. As I am away for at least a year , I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then _____ me how everyone is getting along.
A. hearing ; tell B. to hear ; tell C. hearing ; telling D. to hear ; to tell
17. Such _____ the case , I couldn’t help but _____ him.
A. being ; support B. is ; to support C. has been ; supporting D. be ; supported
18.At the shopping center ,he didn’t know what ____ and ____ with an empty bag.
A. to buy ; leave B. to be bought ; left C. to buy ; left D. was to buy ; leave
19. In some parts of London, missing a bus means_________ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
20. When_______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
21.In order to make our city green, _________.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees
22.The teacher asked us ____ so much noise.
A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
23. ______time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
24.Mr. Smith, ______of the ______speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring B. tiring ; bored C. tired ; bored D. tiring; boring
25.They're not very good, but we like______.
A. anyway to play basketball with them B. to play basketball with them anyway
C. to play with them basketball anyway D. with them to play basketball anyway
26.He sent me an e-mail, ________to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
27.One learns a language by making mistakes and _________them.
A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct
28. Prices of daily goods _________through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
29. You will find the word “psychology” _____ under “P” in the dictionary.
A. have listed B. list C. listed D. listing
30.Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his mother that he was wrong.
A. admitting B. admits C. admit D. to admit
能力提高题
1.- What do you think made Mary so upset? (1997上海)
-______her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
2.The computer center, _____last year, is very popular among the students. (NMET 1997)
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
3. Finding her car stolen, _________.（2001. 上海）
A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman
4 He hurried to the hospital ____ his breakfast ____.（NEPCS2000. 江苏初赛卷）
A. left… unfinished B. leaving… unfinished C. leaving…unfinishing D. left… unfinishing
5.______ mud on his trousers brushes off easily.
A. Drying B. Having dried C. Being dry D. Dried
6. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster ______if a mirror was broken.
A. was certain of striking B. was certain of having struck
C. was certain to be struck D. was certain to strike
7.Though ______money, his parents managed to send him to university. (2002.上海.33)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases________ only to people, with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known . C. to be known D. known
9. He had no money _____ a birthday present for her children.
A. to buy with B. buying C. bought D .with which to buy
10. A doctor can expect ____ at any hour of the day or night .
A. calling B. to call C. being called D. to be called
11. With his son _____ , the old man felt _______.
A. to be disappointed/disappointed B. disappointing/disappointed
C. being disappointed/disappointed D. to disappoint/disappointed
12. It was ______ computer games that cost the boy a lot of the time that he ought to have spent on his lessens.
A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played
13.And there , almost_____ in the big chair , sat her little brother , who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost
14. _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
15. From the dates ____ on the gold coins, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago .
A. marking B. marked C. to be marked D. having been marked
16. The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams.
A. is B. to be C. being D. have been
17.____ all over the hill and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds.
A. To grow B. Growing C. Grown D. Grow
18. You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had _____ her children .
A. brought up B. to bring up C. bringing up D. to have brought up
19. ------ Where should I send my form ?
------ The Personnel office is the place _____ .
A. for sending it B. to send it to C. to send D. to send it
20. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _______in making the earth a better place to live. 【2003.上海春招，38】
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
21. Tony was very unhappy for _______to the party. 【2000.上海.40】
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
22. ]______ the airport, I found Mary ______ to meet me.
A. On reaching, waiting for B. On arriving at, waiting
C. Getting, to be waiting D. Arriving in, to wait
23.The weather is ________ cold.
A. freezing B. frozen C. freeze D. froze
24.________ what he was asked to, he decided to stay behind.
A. Having not finished B. Not finished C. Not having finished D. Not finishing
25.How fine ______ hands like a man.
A. your B. it is to have C. you have D. are you
26.The mother heard her son shouting and ______ out as quickly as possible.
A. go B. went C. going D. gone
27.Robert is said ____ abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in .
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studied
28. ____ some of this juice- perhaps you’ll like it. ( NMET2000 年)北京、安徽春招)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Having tried
29. There are five pairs ____ , but I’m at a loss which to buy. ( NMET99上海高考)
A. to be chosen B. to chose from C. to choose D. for choosing
30. How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
--The key________ the problem is to meet the demand_______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C to solve; making D. to solve; made
高考冲刺题
1.Which do you enjoy ____ your weekends, fishing or watching TV?
A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend
2.____ Sunday , the students are at home.
A. Being B. To be C. It is D. It being
3. All the things ____ , his proposal is of greater value than yours.
A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. consider
4. He hurried to the station ,____ the 9:30 train had already left .
A. to find B. found C. only to find D. only finding
5. _____ time and labor ,cartoonists generally draw the hands of the characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.
A. To save B. Saved C. Saving D. Having saved
6. The story ____ by the writer is very _____ with many middle school students in China.
A. . /… popular B. written… welcome C. writing… agreed D. wrote… pleased
7. Can you imagine a little boy ____ a stranger _____ into the house and _____ a box away?
A. notice… enter… steal B. watching… come… taking
C. found…going…get D. seeing… steal… carry
8.____ what he had done, he hung his head and said nothing.
A. To be asked B. When asked C. Having asked D. When asking
9. ____he said _____to hurt you.
A. That , didn’t mean B. Which, meant C. What, didn’t mean D. As, meant
10.He made another window ____ more air.
A. get B. getting C. to get D. be getting
11. I was much disappointed to see the watch I had had ______stopped again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
12.There is something wrong with the machine. Can you get it _____?
A. gone B. to go C. going D. to be going
13. His house was damaged by a ________ tree on a stormy night.
A. fallen B. falling C. to fall D. fell
14.The teacher forbids______ during the examination.
A. talking B. to talk C. us to talk D. A or C
15.At his appearance on the stage again, they had _______ feelings of ______ and joy.
A. mixing, surprising B. mixture, surprised C. mixed, surprise D. mix, surprise
16. She dislikes _______ in public.
A. to be made fun of B. being made fun C. being made fun of D. to be made fun
17. We must________ pollution ________ more happily.
A. prevent, from living B. stop, living C. prevent, to live D. keep, living
18.The girl spent as much time as she ______ her lessons.
A. could going B. could go over C. went over D. goes over
19.He stood on the roof for a while and then ______ down.
A. jumping B. to jump C. jumped D. was jumping
20. I was cycling in the street when I heard an old woman _____ out a _____ cry and then saw her bleeding badly.
A. give, frightening B. give, frightened C. to give, frightening D. to give, frightened
21.She looked forward to his coming back as much as he himself ______ her.
A. to see B. to seeing C. saw D. seeing
22. Friendship is like money: easier made than ________. (2003 .上海春招, 35)
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
23._______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president's attending
24.Unless________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
25. The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
26.Generally speaking, ____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
27An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ____ clear warnings before firing any shots. (2003.上海,43)
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
28. ____the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
29. As we joined the big crow I get _____ from my friend.
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
30. How about the two of us _______ a walk down the garden.
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
Keys. 基础过关题1-5 BABCA 6-10 ABCCC 11-15 DDBAB 16-20 CACAA
21-25 DDDAB 26-30 BBBCC
能力提高题 1-5 CDDBD 6-10 DCDDD 11-15 BBDCB 16-20 BBCBB
21-25 DBACB 26-30 BABBB
高考冲刺题 1-5 BABCA 6-10 ABCCC 11-15 DDBAB 16-20 CACAA
21-25 DDDAB 26-30 BBBCC
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇5：高中语法专项二 倒装` (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高中语法专项二
倒装
所谓倒装也就是谓语动词出现在主语之前的现象。其中谓语动词全部放在主语之前的叫作全部或完全倒装；把谓语中的助动词或情态动词放在主语之前的则称为部分倒装。
一、全部倒装。
1． 由here，there，now, then + come/go …时。如：
There goes the bell! Now comes your turn.。
2．副词out，in, into, away, up, down等置于句首时。如：
Out jumped a tiger from behind a rock. In came an old man with a long white beard.
3. 当地点状语置于句首时。如：
At the corner of the street stands a newly-opened tea house.
On the wall hang two pictures.
但当主语为代词时，不用倒装结构。
Here they are.
Out they went into the forest.
Away they rushed when they saw some enemy soldiers running along.
二、部分倒装
1．在口语中，用在以so，neither，nor引起的缩略答语中，即So do sb./ Neither(nor) do sb.结构。(So do sb: 两者比较，也是如此；So sb does: 同一个人再次确定，确实如此)
2．only + 状语放句首。如：
1） Only when he reached school did he realize that he left his textbook at home.
2） Only then did she see her mother.
3） Only in this way can we improve our English.
3．表否定意义的成分 little; few; seldom; neither; nor; no; not; never; hardly; scarcely（很少）放在句首时。如：
1) Never shall I forget the day when I met Mr.Wang in the countryside.
2)As she is busy writing an important article, seldom does she watch Tv.
3)Hardly does the hibernating animal make any movement and need any food in winter.
4)Little did I expect to meet him on such an occasion.
4．几个结构：
1) Not only+倒… but also+顺
Not only is he a diligent student, but also he is a warmhearted helper.
2) Neither+倒… nor +顺
Neither did they remain silent nor any one of them shout at the top of his voice.
3)Either +倒… or +顺
Either will he choose to stay or go with the big group.
4)Not until置于句首时， Not until+时间+肯定句的部分倒装（没有not ）
Not until he lost his health did he realize what good health meant.（倒装在后）
5．在虚拟语气结构中，当if省略时, 后面的had, should ，were提到句首，剩下部分不变。
If he had known about it , he would have come to the meeting yestersay. = Had he known about it, …
If it were to rain tomorrow, we wouldn’t have the meeting. = Were it to rain tomorrow, …
6. 在so + adj/adv + that…结构中，当so + adj/adv置于句首时。如：
So louldly did he speak that everybody could hear him clearly.
7. 在Scarcely / Hardly had …when和No sooner had… than(刚…就…)的结构中。如：
Hardly had I got back when I started cooking.
No sooner had we sat down than he found it was time to go.
8. 在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中
Often did we warn them not to do so.
Many a time has she helped me with my English.
9. 在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 = Though／Although。。。(此时不可用 As…, 因为as放句首时只能表示因为或是当。。。的时候)
Young as he is, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Hard as he works, he is not good at maths.
放中间时as和though可以替换, 注意名词前提时不带任何冠词。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇6：语法：省略句与高考 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
语法：省略句与高考
“省略句”是高二册第10单元学习的语法重点，又是学习的难点。在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用“省略句”，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。
一、在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
二、在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be,省略之后,变成过去分词短语作定语。
9. -You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
- ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春)
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春)
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that
三、在感官动词或短语中
在see，watch，hear，feel，observe，notice，listen to等感官动词或短语及make，have，let等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中，不定式前省略to；有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号；不定式在tell，ask， advise， wish， permit， force等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to；不定式在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容词后面作状语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to。
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷)
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. -I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
-Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. -Does your brother intend to study German?
-Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. -Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
- ________ . (NMET 1999上海卷)
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't D. That's right
18. -You should have thanked her before you left.
-I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
四、在if引导的虚拟条件句中
在if引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had，were，should时，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷)
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
五、在否定结构中
由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。
21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷)
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
23. -I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!
- ________ . (NMET 2004全国卷III)
A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I
Key:
1-5 BCDBA 6-10 AADCA 11-15 AACBD 16-20 BBBBC 21-23 BCB
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇7：人教版 高三 英语作文常用句型专项训练）
1. 如图2所示，体育活动只占了10%的时间。
As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities.
2. 表1说明学校学生花在不同的课外活动每天的平均时间。
Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities.
3. 60%的学生认为不应收门票。40%的学生认为应收门票。
60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. 40%think that fees should be charged.
4.近年来，越来越多的人有手机。
More and more people have mobile phones in recent years.
5. ，每百人中有十个人有手机。
In 1997, 10 persons in a hundred had.
6. 有手机的人数是1995年的十倍之多。
The number of the people who had mobile phones was ten times as much as in 1995.
7. 有手机的人数的增加有几个原因。
There are several reasons for the increase of the number of people having mobile phones
8. 根据图表所示，只有49% 的大学生毕业时开始工作。
According to the chart, only 49% of the college students begin to work when they graduate.
9. 正如大家所知，在过去几年，随着经济的发展大学生的数量增长很快。
As is known to all, the number of college students has been growing fast with the economic development in the past years.
10. 三班的同学举行了一次关于学习英语要不要从儿童时期开始的讨论。
The students of Class 3 had a discussion about whether it is necessary to start learning English from childhood.
11. 正如你所知道的，每个硬币都有两面。55% 的同学认为他们应该每天都要进行各种各样的锻炼。
As you know, every coin has two sides. 55% of the students think they should take all kinds of exercise every day.
12. 另一方面，45% (的同学)认为锻炼浪费时间而且使人疲累。
On the other hand, 45% believe taking exercise is a waste of time and tiring.
13. 规划的目的是使我们的学校越来越美丽。
The purposes of the program are to make our school more beautiful.
14. 根据这个规划，我们将在学校里面和周围种植花草树木。
According to the program, we will plant different kinds of trees, flowers and grass in and around our school.
15. 乘飞机旅行能节省很多时间。但是坐火车旅行也有它的优点。
Air travel can save much time. But train travel also has its advantages.
16. 所以我认为不同的人喜欢不同的旅行方式。
So I think different people like different ways of traveling.
17. 随着计算机技术的发展，互联网越来越受欢迎。
With the development of computer technology, the Internet has become more and more popular.
18. 依我的看法，追求时尚可以理解。但是作为中学生，我们应该以学习为重。
In my opinion, following the fashion is understandable. But as middle school students, we should put all our heart into our studies.
篇8：人教版 高三 英语作文常用句型专项训练）
1． 2月8日清晨7：15。我正沿着公园路向东走，这是一位长者从街对面的公园出来。
It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000. I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
2． 6月2日下午，我正乘火车从上海到沈阳回家的途中。
On the afternoon of July 2nd, I was traveling from Shanghai back to Shenyang by train.
3． 一大早，我们就出发了。
Early in the morning, we set out.
4． 明天上午8：00我们在学校门口集中。
We will meet at the school gate at 8:00 tomorrow morning.
5． 前几天，我和同学骑车进城。
The other day my classmates and I went to town together by bike.
6． 过去，我的家乡是个美丽的地方。
In the past / Some years ago, my hometown used to be a beautiful place.
7． 上学期，我参加了地理小组的研究性学习。我们研究的课题是：环境污染与环境保护。
Last term I took part in a geography research study group. Our topic was environmental pollution and protection.
8． 今天下午，在我去看电影的路上，我看见一个箱子从一辆自行车上掉下来。
This afternoon, on my way to the cinema, I saw a case fall off a man’s bike.
9． 两星期前，我正在街上行走，当时我看见了你们的诱人的广告，于是我停下脚步走进了你们的商店。
Two weeks ago, I was walking along the street when I saw your attractive advertisement and I stopped into your shop.
10. 昨天晚上大约九点钟，我正在忙于准备明天的测验，这是忽然吵闹声传进我的房间。
About 9 o’clock yesterday evening, I was busy preparing for my tomorrow’s test when suddenly loud noises came into my room.
11. 昨天下午我去越秀公园，碰巧我看见一件动人的事。
Yesterday afternoon I went to Yuexiu Park. It happened that I saw a touching event.
12. 当我听到北京申办奥运会竞标成功时我非常激动。
I was very excited when I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.
13. 吵闹声如此大事我无法继续学习。
The noise was so loud that I couldn’t go on studying.
14. 我将在农村度过这个暑假。在农村，我可以享受舒适和宁静的生活。
I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life there.
15．我认为该是我们认识到保护环境的重要性和采取行动的时候了。
I think it is time for us to realize the importance of protecting the environment and to do something about it.
16. 我希望政府应该尽快采取措施解决这个问题。
I hope the government should take measures to solve this problem as soon as possible.
17. 我认为学校应该鼓励学生课余多参加体育活动。这样，学生可以更健康，更有活力。
I think the school should encourage the students to do more exercise after class. This way, they may be healthier and more energetic.
18. 现在越来越多的家庭拥有自己的小汽车。对于有私家车的家庭来说上班或带小孩上学都十分方便。
Now more and more families have their own cars. It’s very convenient for the people who have their own cars to go to work or to take their children to school.
篇9：时态 (人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
时态
英语动词的形式：
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”以后会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同） 举例
一般加-s help---________; read---_________
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es do--- __________, fix---__________,
pass---__________, push---___________, teach ---_____________
以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es try--- _________, study ---_______________
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
动词后面加-ed help---______ work---_______
Watch---____________
want--___________ need---__________
Turn---___________ play--_____________
以不发音的“e”结尾的词，加-d Love---__________Serve---__________
结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-ed Study---_________ Try---____________
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop---___________ Drop---____________
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆.
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
一般加-ing Look--_________, try---______________
以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ing Write---___________, dance---___________
以一个辅音字母（x除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing Begin---___________, swim---____________,
Run---__________, sit---_____________
以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ing Die---_____________, lie---__________
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
常用的时态有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成：通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和do各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数
Do do do does
Be Am Are is
（2）用法：
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He ______(have) an uncle.
It _______(be) fine today.
You __________ (look) pale.
He ________ (be) good at music.
He ______________ (know) a lot of English.
这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
Japan ________ (lie) to the east of China.
The sun _________ (rise) in the east.
A horse _______(be) a useful animal.
Water ________(boil) at 100℃.
October 1st ___________(be) our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane _____________ at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow ____________ Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation _______________ in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I __________ from him. 我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it _________ fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he _____________. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he __________. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they come. 他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如：
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着。
2、现在进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例：
否定式 疑问式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
（2）用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如：
I _______________ (write) a letter. 我正在写信。
They ________________(learn) English. 他们正在学习英语。
It ______________ (rain) now. 现在在下雨。
2）有些动词，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如：
Flight 1095 ______________ soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end _________________. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary ______back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3）现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如：
比较下列句子：
He always asks questions. You always say that sort of thing.
He is always asking questions. You are always saying that sort of thing.
3、一般过去时
（1）构成：一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
（2）用法：一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况，其中包括习惯性动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train _______________ (arrive) ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time_ you ___ (get) up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的？
He always ________ (go) to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
4、现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解，因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响，很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上，这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter _____________ (go) out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we ______________ (meet) before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She _____________________(arrive). 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I _______________(hear) from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We _____________________ (see) you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They __________________ (be away) for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She __________________________ (be with us) since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he been?
Where has he gone?
他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
Where has he been?
Where has he gone?
They have been to Canada.
_______________________________________
They have gone to Canada.
_______________________________________.
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
5、现在完成进行时
（1）构成： have/has been + 动词的现在分词
（2）用法：
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning.
It has been raining for three hours.
What book have you been reading recently?
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如：
我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读） ____________________________
我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读的）
____________________________________________
我一直都在写信。_____________________________
我已经写完三封信了。__________________________
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be 的过去式 ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
（2）用法：
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
While we were having supper, all the lights went out.
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had + 过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She ______ (tell) me she __________(be) there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。
When we _________ (arrive), the football match ______________ (begin). 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She ___________ (visit) China twice before she __________ (come) this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
8、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用be going to替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade? ？I ___ (plant) some trees.
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I ___ (help) you carry it.
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I ___ (go) and get it for you.
4) Who will post this letter for me? ？I ____.
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress.
二、关于动词时态的几点说明
1、一般不用进行时的动词，它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
（1）表示心理状态的词：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。
I don't agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。
（2）感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。如：
I see him now; he’s talking to a girl.
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army.
It sounds strange, but it is true.
2、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句（主要是宾语从句等名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
（1）主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai.
（2）主句是过去时态时，从句要在原来的时态的上加一个过去：
三、几个常用时态的比较
1、一般现在时与现在进行时
（1）一般现在时用以说明客观事实，或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行，因此它表示动作含有暂时性（即动作的持续时间是有限的）和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories. 那位作家是写儿童小说的。（说明客观事实）
The writer is now writing a story. 那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。
She is kind. 她很善良。（指她一贯心地善良）
She is being kind. 她现在显得很善良。（表示暂时性，平时她并不善良）
Tom types his own letters. 汤姆自己用打印机打信。（说明经常性）
Tom is typing his own letters today. 汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信（表示暂时）
（2）有些动词，如：like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等，不能用于进行时，即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如：
I know him. 我认识他。（不说：I am knowing him.）
Jenny likes this green coat.
某些动词既可用于一般现在时，又可用于现在进行时，但意义有所不同。试比较：
I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong. 我觉得（=认为、相信）你是对的/有点不对头。（这个意思不用进行时 ）
I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样？
某些表示身体感觉的词（如 hurt, ache, feel等），用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别，只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如：
How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。
My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。
I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
（3）一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩；现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如：
He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。（无感情色彩）
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。（表示强烈的感情色彩）
Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。
She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。
2、一般过去时与现在完成时
（1）一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况，和现在不发生联系，它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（还没有找到）
She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。（现在找到与否，没有说明）
（2）有些时间状语，如 this morning, tonight, this month等，既可以用于一般过去时，也可以用于完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：
I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时仍是四月）
I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时四月已过）
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时仍是上午）
I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时是下午或晚上）
3、一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，往往表示动作已结束；而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较：
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. （信写完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. （信不一定写完）
I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。（指已经看完了）
I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。（指看了一些）
4、一般过去时和过去完成时
（1）一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：
The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。
He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。
（2）有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：
He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he returned.
The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：The train left before I got to the station。
（3）描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away.
She looked around but saw nothing.
由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不对应；通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态；时态混用或串用（如在描写过去的经历时，有时用现在时）；不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误，这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇10：被动语态 ````(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
被动语态
（一）简介
在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；
被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。
如：
Saddam is being tried（审判）. ______________
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. ______________
More and more people use computers now. ________________
Computers are more and more widely used now. ________________
（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
（三）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：
时态 动词形式
一般现在时 am/ is/ are given
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去将来时
现在完成时
过去完成时
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；
否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。
如：
“面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗？
“During the interview, ________________________________________”
“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”
“No, __________________________________.””
那家餐馆正在装修(decorate)吗？
___________________________________________?
那家餐馆没有在装修。
___________________________________________.
实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
In fact ______________________________________.
（四）被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。
I felt a little nervous when I was being interviewed.
These fighters are imported from Russia.
That place has been turned into a swimming pool.
2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：
据说 ________________________ 据报道 ___________________________
希望 ________________________ 人们相信 _________________________
据宣布 ______________________ 众所周知 _________________________
已经决定 ____________________ 人们认为 _________________________
有人建议 ____________________ 务必记住 _________________________
被视为当然 __________________
（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项
一、________________不能改变；
二、变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和________________ 在人称、数上保持一致。
还要作如下变动：
1. 把主动语态的_________变为被动语态的_____________；
2. 主动语态的主语放在介词 ________ 的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。
3. 在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。
They will open a new supermarket there soon.
A new supermarket will be opened there soon.
The doctor gave two lectures in English.
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English.
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats.
We have been warned to be careful of rats.
4. 如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。
The reporters asked the president some questions.
The president was asked some questions by the reporters.
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.
（六）含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：____________________
The timetable can be changed any time.
This book may not be taken out of the reading room.
This dictionary must be taken good care of.
（七）不能用于被动语态的动词
1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：
Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager.
We like everybody to say what they think.
Do you wish me to stay？
Will you help me (to) do the work?
The war broke out in 1937.
This car belongs to me.
He has a good job.
They have a large house.
I’ll have him come early.
Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me.
We lack manpower at the moment.
My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars.
She resembles her father.
（八）关于被动语态的几点说明
1、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
They made him go.
He was made______________.
I heard him say good-bye to his friends.
He was heard _______________________.
2、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market.
You might get killed/ hurt.
In the end this story got translated into English.
His car got damaged in a road accident.
3、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned)
Your garden needs watering. (=_______________________)
Does your suit require pressing, sir?
(=_______________________)
The car wants servicing. (=_______________________)
（九）练习
1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]
1）He gave me a present.
2）My sister made the soup.
3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
5）The police will surely arrest the thieves.
6）My brother will repair my bike for me.
7）You must clean your watch once a year.
8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.
9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.
10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.
11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.
12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.
13）The government is sending him abroad.
14）He told me to wait here for him.
15）Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.
16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.
17）They set up this hospital in 1950.
18）Tom broke the window.
19）Did you write the letter?
20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.
21）People call him Little Old Man.
22）John answered all the questions.
23）The farmer was ploughing the field.
24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.
25）The wind blew the clouds away.
26）We shall paint the room.
27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?
28）I am going to ring Tom up.
29）Everyone expects that he will win.
30）Did you finish your composition in class?
31）Do you wash your clothes very often?
32）Have they paid you the money?
33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.
34）He told his brother the news.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇11：试题(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
1 Some students like staying up late into the night , ____ their lessons for the coming examination .
A to prepare B preparing C prepare D was preparing
2 ____ by the dog twice , he was afraid to go to my house again .
A Having bitten B Having been bitten C Biting D Being bitten
3 Before ____ white , the door should be cleaned thoroughly .
A painting B painted C being painted D having been painted
4 ____ , Tom is loved by all the people in the village .
A Being an honest man B Being that he is an honest man
C He is an honest man D An honest man being
5 The boy sat on the sofa , ___ TV programme attentively.
A watch B watched C watching D to watch
6 The pupil sat there , ___ what to do .
A does knowing B didn’t knowing C not known D not knowing
7 ___ , but he still could not understand it .
A He had been told many times B Having been told many times C Told many times D Although he had been told many times
8 ___ the meeting room , he found all the parents already ___ there .
A To enter ---sitting B Stepping into ---to seat
C Entered ---seat D Entering ---seated
9 ____ several kinds of machines , the workers got much money .
A Produced B Producing C Having produced D To produce
10 The nurse stood by the bed , ____ the sick girl .
A tending B to tend C tending D and tending
11 Living near the sea , ___ .
A we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
B healthy air and beautiful fight is what we enjoy
C it is healthy air and beautiful sight is we enjoy
D so we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
12 I listened to the rain , ___ that she would not come tonight .
A thinking B to think C thought D being thinking
13 ___ the coffee , the girl washed the cup .
A To drink B Drinking C Having drunk D Having been drunk
14 ___ such a chance , why don’t you have a try ?
A To give B Having give C Given D Giving
15 ___ the past , our life is much better .
A Comparing with B Be compared
C To compare with D Compared with
16 I went to see him , ____ him out .
A finding B find C only to find D to finding
17 ___ , he went to ask his teacher for help .
A Not known how to do it B Unknown what to do
C Knowing how to do D Not knowing how to do it
18 ___ from space , the earth , with water ___ seventy percent of its surface , looks like a blue ball .
A Seen , covered B Seen , covering
C Seeing , covering D Seening ,covering
19 ___ it the heavy snow , he walked into an expensive shop .
A Having caught B To be caught
C Having been caught D Catching
20 She is writing a letter to a friend of hers , ___ him to attend the party .
A having invited B inviting C to invite D invited
21___ since the night before , she felt very hungry now .
A Having not eaten anything B Not eating anything
C Be hadn’t eaten anything D Not having eaten anything
1 The man ____ in a shop was sent to the police station .
A who caught stealing B to be caught stealing C caught to steal
D caught stealing
2 Everyone says he is a ____ boy .
A promised B promising C to promise D promise
3 A parcel ____ two jin has just been posted .
A weighted B weighing C to weigh D having weighted
4 She looked at me with ____ eyes
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇12：高中语法专项八 V-ed分词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高中语法专项八
V-ed分词
语法要点归纳：
V-ed分词一般表示被动和完成的意义。源自不及物动词的V-ed分词则表示主动的完成意义。V-ed分词只具有形容词性，在句中可充当定语，表语、宾语补足语、及状语。
一、作定语
过去分词作定语，表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态。也有少量不及物动词构成的过去分词只表示完成，而不表示被动意义。
例如： 完成+被动： a polluted river a locked room
主动的完成： a retired worker a fallen leaf boiled water
作定语的V-ed分词也有前置和后置两种情况
二、作表语
作表语的V-ed分词通常用于谓语动词BE或其他系动词之后（例如look，seem等），表示主语所处于的状态
The water in the river is polluted.
She looks very excited at the news.
三、作宾语补足语
如果宾语与后面作宾补的动词构成被动关系，则使用过去分词作宾补。可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有：see, hear, watch, observe, notice, find, think, feel, want, get, have, leave, keep, make, like, wish, expect, order.
有的作宾补的过去分词前可加上（to be）这主要在于引导宾补的动词通常可说v＋n＋to do sth, 其被动式为：v＋sth＋(to be) done.
如：tell/want/wish/expect/order…sb to do sth,则有：tell/want/ wish/expect /order…sth to be done.
例如：I want you to do the job. I want the job (to be) done by you.
When we talk with others, we make ourselves understood not just by words.
In the morning people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely changed.
注：感官动词后面的过去分词表示被动状态，使让动词后过去分词表示让别人做或被动动作
四、作状语
作状语的V-ed分词短语在它与句子主要部分之间常有逗号隔开，在句中可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随动作或情况等。
1) 时间状语
(When )Seen from space, the earth looks blue. = When the earth is seen from space, it looks blue.
After being finished, the work should be handed in.
While unfinished, he looked ugly.
(before / after引导的分句改为分词时before/after＋being＋done，指被动,因为此时分词前的before/ after再也不是连词了，而只能是介词了，而介词后只能采用V-ing作介词宾语。其它连词引导的分句，无论什么情况，连词的词性始终不变.)
总结：1. 分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句
2. 在分词前可以加when,while,after.
2) 原因状语
Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.
=As he was born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
Moved by the story, they decided to help her.
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.
由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。
总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句
3)条件状语
( If )Given more time,we are sure to finish it.=If we are given more time,we are sure to finish it.
Bitten by a snake, you should send for help and don’t walk .
= If you are bitten by a snake, you should…
总结： 1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句
2、有时可以在分词前加 if
4)让步状语
(Though)Laughed at by everybody, he had my sympathy
=Though he was laughed at by everybody, he …
Although invited, he didn’t go to party.
总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。
5)方式状语
The lichens came borne by storms. 这些地衣是暴风雨带来的。
Dr Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room.
五、补充：
1. 过去分词也有时态变化：
The question being discussed now is important, but the question discussed yesterday is more important.
(Do you know the question to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow?)
2. 动词seat的被动形式表示主动意思： seated = sitting
Be seated here, please.
Can you see the girl seated (=sitting ) at the back of the classroom?
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：高中语法专项七 V-ing 分词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高中语法专项七
V-ing 分词
语法要点归纳：
V-ing分词兼有名词性和形容词性，因此它在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、宾语补足语、定语及状语，但不能充当谓语。
V-ing分词的否定式由not或never+V-ing构成。
一、作主语
Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.
Watching too much TV will do harm to your eyes. Seeing is believing.
注：在部分句型中，用形式主语it代替，把真正的V-ing 主语放在后面。例如：
It’s no use /good doing sth做……没有用处/好处: It’s no use talking with them.
It’s no fun doing.
It’s worthwhile doing.
二、作宾语
1、动词宾语
(1) 某些动词后只能用V-ing分词作宾语。常见的只能跟V-ing分词作宾语的动词有： mind, escape, miss, enjoy, practise, suggest, consider, keep, avoid, risk, finish, imagine, delay（拖延）, admit, appreciate, allow, ensure, excuse, favour, include, face, can’t stand /bear（不能忍受/容忍）, can’t help（禁不住要去做…）等。
Would you mind giving a talk today about DNA?
If the population keeps growing so quickly, there will only be standing room left for us next century.
(2) 在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.
(3) need, want, require, be worth doing sth 用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。
The situation in Russia required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。
2、介词宾语
介词后面的动词需用现在分词，如与句子的主语为主动关系，则为介词＋doing，如是被动关系则应：介词＋being done.
However, most of the time, people from the two countries don’t have any difficulty (in) understanding each other.
He took along some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there.
I went to the party without being invited. He is fond of playing football.
在某些带to的动词词组中，to是介词，后面要加sth或doing sth. 例如：
pay attention to注意 look forward to 期盼 lead to导致 on one’s way to在……道路上
get down to开始着手去做…… turn to转向 devote…to…（致力于……）
get /be /become used to（使……习惯于……） set down to（静下心去做）
adapt to (适应) stick to(坚持) be addicted to(沉迷于) owe…to ( 归功于)
另：
allow/permit/forbid
① allow/permit/forbid＋doing sth如果跟有动词直接用－ing形式。
② allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth.如后有sb作宾语，应用不定式形式。
③ sb be allowed / permitted/ forbidden to do ths（被动语态）
④ allow/permit/forbid sb’s /sb doing sth.后面接复合形式，sb’s 也可用其宾格。
三、作宾语补足语: 动词＋宾语＋宾补
作宾补的动词与宾语构成主动关系，其前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使让动词, 感官动词后面表示正在进行的动作，使让动词后面表示该动作持续一段时间。
可以带分词作宾补的动词：see, hear, watch, observe, notice, find, hear, think, feel, want, get, have, leave, keep等It could be very interesting to watch an Arab and an Englishman talking together.
He kept water running. Sorry to have kept you waiting a long time.
I see him playing basketball now.
注：1. 在see/hear/watch/feel/observe/have/listen to/ notice 等动词后，既可以用现在分词作宾补，也可用动词原形作宾补，但两者含义稍有不同。用现在分词作宾补指动作正在发生，用不定式作宾补表示动作的结果（即全过程结束了。）
2．with引导的复合宾语可以在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、伴随、方式等。例如：
They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights burning.
四、作表语：表示主语的性质或特征
The real problem is getting all the materials ready before the end of this month .
Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening .
This book is interesting. My job is teaching English.
五、作定语：
现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行的，并且与被修饰的名词是主动关系, 或表示所修饰名词的性质，或表示所修饰名词的用途=n+for+doing
有前置和后置两种情况。前置修饰语一般由一个单独的V-ing分词充当，后置修饰语通常由V-ing分词短语充当，其后常跟有其他成分（状语或宾语）, 相当于一个定语从句。
a walking stick=a stick for walking a falling leave=a leave which is falling
an interesting story=a story which is interesting
the woman standing there the woman wearing a red dress
六、作状语
V-ing分词短语作状语时，常使用逗号将它与句子前后部分隔开。作状语的V-ing分词在句中可表示时间、原因、结果、行为方式和伴随动作或情况等。
1)时间状语
Walking along the street, he met his old friend. =When he was walking along the street,he met his old friend.
Walking slowly across the grass, he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired.
总结：1。分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句 2。在分词前可以加when,while,after.
3. 作状语用的分词如先于主句的谓语动词则用Having done, 或者带上after, 形式为After doing.
After Tom finished his work, he went out to play. = After finishing his work, Tom went out to play.
= Having finished his work, Tom went out to play.
2) 原因状语
Living in the country,we had few amusements. =As we lived in the country,we had few amusements.
总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句
3)条件状语
Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. =If I know anything about it,I will tell you all.
总结：1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句 2、有时可以在分词前加 if
4)让步状语
Buying a lot of books for the exam,he failed in it because of the learning method.
=Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam,he
总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。
5)方式状语
They eat using their fingers. The sperm whale therefore has to look for the squid，using sound waves.
6)伴随状语
He sits there listening to the teacher .
Train in this country spend too much time stopped, waiting for other trains.
7)结果状语
It rained for two days, delaying our trip.
The fish have very sharp teeth; they can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones.
七、几点补充：
1．V-ing分词的逻辑主语
V-ing分词作主语时，其逻辑主语常用物主代词或名词所有格, 而作宾语时则也可以用宾格。
There are many reasons for animals / animals’ dying out.
Your/ Mary’s being late makes me very angry.
2．V-ing分词的体和语态的变化形式
I apologized to him for having kept him waiting.(完成主动式)
In many countries with sea coasts, human waste is piped directly into the sea without being treated. (一般被动式)
3．逻辑主语，否定式和语态并存时的排列次序为：one’s not having done sth…
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇14：中考英语：语法时态专项训练
1. You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
Im sorry I ________ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.
A. wasnt saying B. dont say
C. wont say D. didnt say
2. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness ________.
A. has grown B. is growing
C. grew D. had grown
3. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will ________ fresh for several days.
A. be stayed B. stay
C. be staying D. have stayed
4. How can you possibly miss the news? It ________ on TV all day long.
A. has been B. had been
C. was D. will be
5. －Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
－Where was I?
－You ________ you didnt like your fathers job.
A. had said B. said
C. were saying D. had been saying。
[中考英语：语法时态专项训练]
篇15：人教版高三英语部分语法
英语常用的句型结构
1、S + vi
2、S + link verb + predicative
3、S + vt +o
4、S + vt + o (间接) + o (直接)
5、S +vt+ o + o c
6、There be + s + …
说明：
1、句型4：间接宾语如果在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前须加介词to 或for
* 下列动词要用带for 的间接宾语：
buy, build, catch, choose, cook, cut, find, fix, get, keep, make, do, prepare, order(定购), leave（留下）, save（留，节省）, spare（让出）, 等。
*其余动词一般用to
eg. Please get two tickets for me.
Did he leave any message for me?
注意使用代词的时候：I gave it to the teacher.
2、有些表示说话的动词如：explain, express, describe, disclose, announce, introduce, mention, point out, report, repeat, suggest, say, shout, whisper等，它们不是带双宾语的及物动词，用这种动词表示对谁说话时，要跟由介词to 引导的介词短语，不管这种短语是位于直接宾语之前或之后。
Eg. Our teacher explained to us the difficult words.
He disclosed to them the secret of his invention.
3、There be (存在)“有”
have 表示从属关系的“有”
但当表示事物的特征时，可以互换。
Eg. There are five windows in the room.
The room has five windows.
Eg. How many days are there in March?
How many days has March?
4、补充讲介词to 与for 的区别：
A. 表示“去向”时：
for用在动词leave, start, depart（启程，离开）等词之后。
to用在go, come, move, march之后。
Eg. They are leaving for Australia.
Will you come to my office?
B. 在某些形容词如necessary, easy, difficult, impossible, useful等之后，两者均可用。
Eg. English is useful to (for) us.
C. 某些形容词如：good, cruel, kind 等词后面有较严格的限制。一般来说to表示主语主观上对宾语的态度。
Eg. Jane’s uncle was unkind to her.
For表示主语客观上对宾语所起的作用。
Eg. Morning exercises are good for children.
5、S + vt + o + o c
能带宾补的动词：call, consider, find, leave, name, pronounce, think, beat(black and blue), colour, cut, drive (mad), hold, keep, imagine, want, wish, allow, ask, command, encourage, promise, want, see, watch, notice, look at, make, have, let等等。
Eg. We elected him monitor.
Colour the third one green.
They found it strange that no one would take the money.
I can’t make myself understand in English.
Let me show you out.
The manager has made the company what it is today.
*充当宾补的可以是名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语或从句等。
简单句
*只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫做简单句。
简单句有6个基本句型：（前面讲的6个基本句子结构）
并列句
*由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫
并列句。
*并列句的基本句型是:
简单句+并列连词（或连接副词）+简单句
1、联合关系：
常用的连词有and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等。
Eg. Tom doesn’t smoke, nor does his brother.
2、转折关系
常用的连词有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那时，然后）等。
Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train.
We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.
She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.
*yet 和still是连接副词，又叫半连接句。
*however(然而，不过，但是)意义接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中间。
3、选择关系：
常用的连词有or（或者，还是，否则），otherwise, or else, either…or等。
Eg. Hurry up, or we’ll be late for school.
4、因果关系
连词有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。
Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam.
The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.
*for 表示附加或推断的理由、原因。
Therefore较so更正式，and so 较口语化。
状语从句
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义可分为地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较等。
1、时间状语从句
由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, till.
Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.
A. when, as, while 作时间从属连词的区别。
When可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。
Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. (同时)
B. as 引导持续性动作，侧重表示主句和从句动作同时发生。
Eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
C. while “在某一段时间里”、“在……期间”
While引导的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。
Eg. Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
*当when, as, while(正当……的时候)表示主句和从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。
*当when引导的状语从句是系表结构（名词作表语），其主语又和主句主语一致时，往往可用as引导的省略从句代替，应注意as在这里是连词，不是介词，后边名词与年龄有关。
Eg. As a young man(=when he was a young man)he was a postmaster.
D. before 如果when和before引导的句子位于主句之后，有时要译为“才”、“这时”等。
Eg. He almost knocked me down before he saw me.
I was having lunch when someone knocked at the door.
E. by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after等也可以作为连词，引导时间状语从句。
Eg. Each time he came to Beijing on business, he would call on me.
I recognized you the moment I saw you.
F. 时间状语从句中的谓语动词一般不能用任何一种将来时，只能用现在时或过去时态表示将来时。
E. hardly…when; no sooner ...than=as soon as
这两个句组只能用于过去时，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。Hardly、no nooner放在句首时，主句主谓倒装。
Eg. He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.
Eg. I had no sooner come home than it began to rain.
No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
2、地点状语从句：where, wherever引导
Eg. Go back where you came from.
Where there is water, there is life.
3、原因状语从句
由连词because, as, since, now than (既然，由于)
because引导的从句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情况下，可以不要主句而单独成句。as与since则不能。
在回答why开始的问句时只能用because。
*在强调句式中强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导从句，不能用as或since.
Eg. It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
*as （由于）所引导的从句一般放在主句之前，说明原因；后边的主句说明结果。主句和从句表达的内容同等重要。
Eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again.
以as引导的从句位于主句之后时，它的力量更弱一些，类似一种附带的说明。As在口语中使用较多。
*since(既然，因为)：用以表示显然的或已知的理由、原因。从句的意思是次要的，主句是全句意思的重心所在。
Eg. Since he can not answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
*now that与since, as 同义。其区别是now that用来说明一种新情况，然后再加以推论，从句与主句的因果关系很小，而since和as连接的句子因果关系比较明显。
Eg. Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.
注意：#用了以上表示原因的从属连词，主句不可再用并列连词so.
#并列连词for有时表示因果关系，有时是对前面分句的内容加以解释或推断。
当for表示因果关系时，可和从属连词because同样使用，但语气较弱。
Eg. He could not have seen me, for (or: because) I was not there.
4、目的状语从句
that, so that, in order that, for fear that(以免，唯恐)，lest(唯恐，免得)：lest从句中谓语（should）+v, in case (万一)等。
Eg. We remained at home lest(=for fear that) they should come in our absence.
目的状语从句的消语常含有may(might),can, could, should, will等情态动词。通常主句在前，从句在后，主句与从句之间没有逗号。
*lest 只用于正式文体，在现代英语中多以for fear that, so that…not等代替。
5、结果状语从句
由连词that, so that, so…that , such…that etc.
注意区别that, so that引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句。根据上下文来判断，从句之前有逗号的常是结果状语从句；从句中有情态动词的多半是目的状语从句。
Eg. She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (结果)
She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)
6、条件状语从句
通常由if, unless(除非)，as long as, so long as只要，in case (that)万一
*unless 从句的谓语只能用肯定式
*主将从现
7、方式状语从句
连词as, as if(as though)等引导从句多用虚拟语气。
Eg. He walked as if he were drunk.
8、比较状语从句
as…as, not so (as)…as, than等引导
eg. Peter swims as well as Tom does.
*the +比较级（从句），the+比较级（主句）
eg. The harder we work, the happier we feel.
9、让步状语从句
though, although, as(虽然)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, however, no matter who (what, which, etc)
eg. Wherever you work, you can always find time to study.
Whether he comes or not, we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon.
*让步状语从句可放在句首、句中、句尾
though与although同义。Although 较为正式，多置于句首，as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语。它比用though(although)引导的让步状语从句更有表现力，语气更强。As引导的让步状语从句要使语序部分倒装。
Eg. Child as he was, he had to help support the family.
*even if (though)从句所说的不一定是事实。
Though从句一般说的是事实。
*whether一般引导名词性从句。当引导让步状语从句时，必须有逗号和主句分开，而且其前边可加no matter.
Eg. You’ll have to do it, (no matter) whether you like it or not.
*让步状语从句和主句之间不可再用but等纯并列连词，但可用yet, still, nevertheless等副词来加强语气。
Eg. Though he was tired, yet (still, nevertheless) he went on working.
*不可将no matter与“疑问词+ever”连用。
Eg. Whatever (no matter what )you say, I won’t agree you .
No matter whatever you say, I won’t agree with you .(错)
倒装句
*full inversion and partial inversion
I. full inversion
1、there (here) + be + S
eg. Here is the milkman.
There comes the bus.
*在there和here的后面还可跟一些不及物动词，如stand, lie, go, fall等。句子的谓语时态为一般过去时或一般现在时。如例2
2、单个副词位于句首的倒装句
单个副词位于句首，句子的主、谓需倒装，表示强调。这类副词有in, out, now, up, down etc.句子的谓语一般为be动词或不及物动词。
Eg. Down came the rain.
Up went the flag.
Away he ran.
如果这类句子中的谓语动词是短语动词则不能将短语动词中的副词移到句首。
Eg. Up it blew.(错)____blew up: exploded
*但有时也例外，当句子的主语在对比的情况下，作主语的人称代词也可与作谓语的be 动词形成倒装。
Eg. There were they, reading in the classroom, while we were cleaning outside.
3、介词短语作状语位于句首的倒装句。在这类句子中，谓语一般为be或不及物动词。
Eg. Near the forest is a small lake.
In the doorway stood my brother.
在上述单个副词和介词短语位于句首的倒装句子中，谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。
4、so, nor, neither, no more 引导的倒装句，句子全部倒装。
Eg. He finished his job, and so did I.
Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
Peter 不喜欢流行音乐，他兄弟也是如此。
*在美式英语中，通常认为nor不能跟在but或and的后面。
Eg. John didn’t see the accident and nor did Mary.(错)
John didn’t see the accident and neither did Mary.（对）
*当句子的主语与前句的主语为同一人或物，而so位于该句的句首时，后面so引导的句子不用倒装。
Eg. It’s raining . So it is.
5、as引导的倒装句
在正式书面文体中，as引导表示比较含义的从句，句子常用倒装句。
Eg. He likes sports, as do most of his friends.
他和他的大多数朋友一样，喜欢体育。
He is a college student, as are his sisters and brothers.
II. partial inversion
1、副词位于句首的部分倒装句
一些含有否定意义的副词位于句首时，句子倒装：seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, never, few, not until, not only等。
Eg. Little did he know about mathematics.
他的数学知识极为贫乏。
Rarely did students attend his lectures.
学生很少去听他的讲座。
*如果scarcely, hardly, little和barely等副词位于句首，但它们在句中修饰主语，此时句子不倒装。
Eg. Little help can be expected from John.
不指望从约翰那里得到多少帮助。
Hardly twenty students are in that big room.
在那间大房子里还不足20名学生。
2、only引导的部分倒装句。
Only位于句首，后接状语，句子要倒装。
Eg. Only on Sunday does he go home.
Only alone, does she feel sad.
*only修饰宾语，位于句首时，句子也可以倒装。
Eg. Only their teacher will they obey.
*only修饰主语，位于句首，句子不用倒装。
Eg. Only two of us got tickets.
3、not only …but also…引导的两个分句，前一个分句用倒装，后一个分句用倒装，后一个分句用陈述结构。
Eg. Not only does he speak English but also he speaks German.
*not only不位于句首，句子则不倒装
eg. He not only speaks English but also he speaks German.
4、hardly…when…; scarcely…when…;
no nooner…than…
eg. Scarcely had he come in when the guests wanted to leave.
5、not+名词或副词组成的词组在句子中作状语或宾语，位于句首，句子需倒装。
Eg. Not a letter did he send home.
Not until the end of this week did she realize her mistakes.
Not once do I meet him.
我一次也没有见到他。
*not在句首修饰主语，句子不必倒装。
Eg. Not many people came to the party.
6、当含有no的词组位于句首时，句子用倒装。
*Nowhere else in the world can you buy a better and cheaper camera than in our shop.
No longer are they cooperating with us.
By no means should you break the rules.
你决不能违反规章制度。
At no time should we give in to difficulties.
任何时候都不应在困难面前屈服。
*类似的短语：
in no way决不，in no sense决不，in no case决不，
under no excuse毫无理由，on no account决不
如果这类短语不在句首，句子不用倒装。
7、在if引导的虚拟条件句子中，如有had, were, should，可将if省去，而将had, were, should移到句首倒装。
Eg. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believe it.
8、as, though引导的让步状语从句，形容词、名词作表语常位于句首，形成倒装。
Eg. Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.(省略冠词)
谈谈as引导定语从句
I、as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个句子的内容，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
Eg. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. (宾语)
This experiment is very simple, as indeed it is.
(表语)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
(主语)
他反对这个意见，这是可以预料的。
II、such…as…像……这样的（之类的）
Eg. He isn’t such a man as he used to be.(表语)
Don’t read such books as you cannot understand.(宾语)
Let’s discuss only such questions as concern every one of us.(主语)
我们只讨论与大家都有关的问题。
III、the same…as…和……一样
Eg. I’d like to use the same instrument as is used in your workshop. 主语
我愿用你们车间所用的同样的仪器。
Eg. He is not the same man as he was.表语
IV、as (many, much)…as也可引导定语从句，其中第二个as是关联词。
Eg. There are as many books as are needed.主语
Take as much paper as you want.宾语
V、as与which引导非限制性定语从句：
*as引导的从句可放在句首或句末，但which引导的从句只能放在句末。
*在关系分句中，当as作主语时，其后要跟系动词，但which就没有这个限制。
Eg. We had much knowledge, as was the Party expected. …正是党所期望的。
*which在关系分句中可作定语，而且它前面还可跟介词，但as就没有这个功能。
Eg. I said to him rudely, for which mistake I apologized.
If和whether
I. if 和whether都能引导主语从句。只不过if 引导主语从句不放在句首，而放在句尾。句首用it 作先行词，而whether引导的主语从句可放在句首或句尾。
*有些语法书说if不能引导表语从句。而在实际阅读中if引导表语从句的句子也是有的。
Eg. The question is if we should go on with the work.
II. if 与whether不能互换的情况：
1、介词后用whether不用if
eg. It depends on whether he’s ready.
2、不定式之前用whether, 不用if
eg. He worried whether to come.
3、名词之后用whether不用if
eg. The decision whether to see her was mine alone.
4、whether可和or not直接连用，if不能。
Eg. I don’t know whether or not he is ready.
5、引导让步状语从句用whether不用if:
eg. Whether you like it or not, you will have to do it.
6、如果宾语从句放在句首，用whether不用if.
Eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
7、如果宾语从句是个否定句，用if引导不用whether引导。
Eg. I don’t care if he can’t come.
篇16：语法系列讲座25 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列讲座25
What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。如： That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。 I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。 Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。 He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。 Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如： He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。 Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。 I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。 And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。 As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态） She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。 The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。 It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态） She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。 Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。 I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。 Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。 They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。
2．用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如： Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。 He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。 He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。 It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。 You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己；还有，你得不到任何人的同情。 We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。
3．引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如： Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。＝No matter what she would do, … Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。＝No matter what may come, …. Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。＝…no matter what might come, … Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say, …
练习
关于名词性从句我们就讲到这里。Now let’s do some exercises related to this part： 一、选择最佳答案填空 1．______ he always serves the people very well is known. A. What B. That C. Which D. Who 2．______ you have done might do harm to other people. A. What B. That C. Whether D. Which
3．I don’t care ____ she has no money. I care____ she is honest or not. A. if…if B. whether…whether C. if…whether D. whether…if 4. They found at last ____ they had been looking for. A. that B. what C. where D. which
5. He will be here on time. But I’m not sure _____ he drives or takes the train. A. whether B. if C. when D. how 6. The reason why he was late is ___ he got up too late. A. that B. because C. as D. for
7. I want to know ____ the leather coat belongs to. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 8. Can you tell me ___ the hospital is? A. where B. who C. that D. whether
9. We all know ____ she will be our English teacher. A. which B. what C. that D. who 10. I wish _____ he would pass the examination. A. how B. whether C. when D. that
二、把两个单句合成主从复合句
model: Does he live there? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me whether (if) he lives there?
1. Can Mike write a little Chinese now? I want to know. →I want to know whether/if Mike can write a little Chinese now. 2. Did Jenny try to explain why she was late? Can you tell us? →Can you tell us if/whether Jenny tried to explain why she was late?
3. Did the monkey want to eat bananas? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether the monkey wanted to eat bananas? 4. Do you like sports? I ask you. →I ask you if/whether you like sports.
5. Does she play basketball? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether she plays basketball? 6. Has the whole street been cleaned? I don’t know. →I don’t know if/whether the whole street has been cleaned.
7. Were there a lot of people in the street? Can you tell me? →Can you tell me if/whether there were a lot of people in the street? 8. Are they preparing for the sports meet? Do you know? →Do you know if/whether they are preparing for the sports meet?
9. Had John told Mr. Smith about his past? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me if/whether John had told Mr. Smith about his past. 10. Has anybody ever been into some of the pyramids? Please tell me. →Please tell me if/whether anybody has ever been into some of the pyramids.
强调
Hello, everyone. 英语的强调主要有两种：一是强调非谓语（包括主语、宾语、状语等）；二是强调谓语动词。
一、强调非谓语
其基本句型是：“It + is/was + 被强调的成分 ＋ that/who + 其她成分”。It 没有实意，只起语法作用，引导被强调的部分。当被强调的是人时，可用who(m)/that, 其他情况用that。 例如： It was I who/that met Jack yesterday. 是我昨天碰到了Jack. （强调主语） It was Jack that/whom I met yesterday. 我昨天碰到的是Jack。 （强调宾语） It was yesterday that I met Jack. 是昨天我碰到了Jack. （强调时间状语） 这几句话复原为非强调句就是：I met Jack yesterday. It is people, not things, that are decisive. 决定的因素是人，不是物。 （强调主语） It is because the book is very important for my present job that I bought it. 是因为这本书对我目前的工作很有用，我才买了它。 （强调原因状语） It was in the supermarket that I gave the book to him. 是在那家超市里我给了他那本书。（强调地点状语）
1．强调主语： It was John who broke the window. 是John打破了窗子。 原句：John broke the window. It is this overpass that will be pulled down. 将被拆掉的是这个天桥。 原句：This overpass will be pulled down. It is the people who/that are really powerful. 真正有力量的是人民。 原句：The people are really powerful.
2．强调状语：
（1）强调时间状语。 例如： It was at that moment that he changed his mind. 是在那一刻他改变了主意。 It is every day that Professor Smith goes swimming. 史密斯教授是天天去游泳。 It was not until Saturday that he began to prepare for the examination. 他直到星期六才开始为考试作准备。 注意：这句话的原句是He did not begin to prepare for the examination until Saturday. 变成强调时间状语，注意 “not” 位置的变化。
（2）强调地点状语。 例如：
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇17：语法-----动词和动词短语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法-----动词和动词短语
编号：081030 编者：管月敏
一. 单句改错：
1. She’s having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesn’t know whom to turn.
2. “Goodbye, then,” she said, without even looking down from her book.
3. He was grown up in the countryside, so he knows a lot about farmers.
4. If we can go over our present difficulties, then everything should be all right.
5. --- Have you got up with some new ideas?
--- Yeah. I’ll tell you later.
二. 用所给动词的适当短语填空：
1. give
1) You must finish your papers before 12:30, when they shall be _________.
2) He doesn’t only ____________ money; he spends his whole life in looking after the poor.
3) The gas _____________ an unpleasant smell.
4) Finally he was persuaded to ______________ smoking.
5) The news of the mayor’s coming to our school for a visit was __ on the radio yesterday.
2. get
1) Hardly could he ____________ this amount of work in such a short time.
2) It is going to rain. Can you ___________ the clothes for me?
3) It took me an hour to get intention _______ to her.
4) I am afraid I didn’t ___________ well with my studies.
5) ---The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
---Don’t worry.We have already _____________ two thirds of it.
3. take
1) I won’t __________ much of your time.
2) When shall I __________ my new duties?
3) He has ___________ Spanish recently.
4) The young politician __________ the leadership of the party.
5) I will ___________ your number and ask him to call you back.
6) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026___________ at 18:20.
4. turn
1) ___________ the light before you go out.
2) A big wave ___________ the fishing boat. Luckily, no one was injured.
3) I needn’t have taken my umbrella, because it __________ to be a fine day.
4) To my delight, the key I lost __________ the other day.
5) Believe it or not, Tom is the right person you can __________ when you are in trouble.
6) He is very discouraging because every time he offers some help to her, it will be __________.
5. break
1) I was still sleeping when the fire __________ , and then it spread quickly.
2) The car __________ on the way again.
3) The young man was so impolite that he kept __________ with silly questions.
4) Their friends all wondered what ___________ their marriage?
5) The poor man had his house ____________ last night.
6. put
1) Never ___________ until tomorrow what you can do today.
2) ____________ your toys and let’s have dinner.
3) You’d better ___________ your coat before going out. It’s so cold outside.
4) The toy car was pulled down. Can you _____ it _____ again?
5) Mother __________ all the lights before going to bed.
7. go
1) --- Do you think that housing price will keep __________ in the years to come? Many people can’t afford it.
--- Sorry, I have no idea.
2) We were all tired out, so we couldn’t ___________.
3) Suddenly all the lights ___________, and it was all dark.
4) ---- Didn't you have a good time at the party?
---- Of course I did. As a matter of fact, I had such fun that time seemed to _________ so quickly.
5) The poor girl has __________ such a lot since her parents died.
6) ---Could I use your dictionary?
---Sure, __________.
7) Whoever __________ nature will be punished by it.
8. make
1) She has grown up and I can’t ______ her ______ any more.
2) Culturl exchange __________ better understanding.
3) Mother was skillfully _______ her coat ______ my skirt.
4) He says he will get up at six tomorrow morning, but he’ll never __________.
5) The group is ____________ 6 experts and 20 students.
9. come
1) Tell me how the accident ___________ last night.
2) I __________ an old friend of mine at the station yesterday.
3) It's already 10 o'clock I wonder how it _______ that she is two hours late on such a short trip.
4) These customs have __________ to us through many a generation.
5) You have ____________ a good idea.
掌握较好的＞80% 题号: 分析
掌握一般的60%~80% 题号: 分析
掌握较差的 ＜60% 题号: 分析
难点教学建议
Keys:
一. 1. turn 后加to 2. down---up 3. grown-brought 4. go-get 5. got-come
二. 1. given in; give away; gives off; given out
2. get through; get in; get …across; get on; get through
3. take up; take on; taken up; took over; take down; takes off
4. Turn off; turned over; turned out; turned up; turn to; turned down
5. broke out; broke down; breaking in; broke up; broken into
6. put off; Put away; put on; put…together; put out
7. going up; go on; went out; go by; gone through; go ahead; goes against
8. make…out; makes for; making into; make it; made up of
9. came about; came across; comes out; come down; come up with
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇18：中学语法 代词` (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
中学语法大全 代词
目录
人称代词的用法 2
人称代词之主、宾格的替换 2
代词的指代问题 3
并列人称代词的排列顺序 3
物主代词 4
双重所有格 4
反身代词 4
相互代词 5
指示代词 6
疑问代词 7
关系代词 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代词比较辩异one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
“the”的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her作主语补语）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me. --我。（me作主语补语= It's me.）
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
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人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
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代词的指代问题
1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?
2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
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并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －>第三人称 －>第一人称
you －>he/she; it ->I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －>第二人称 －>第三人称
we －>you －>They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
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物主代词
1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构，例如：
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语，例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语，例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语，例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语，例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
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双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
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反身代词
1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
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相互代词
1）相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2） 相互代词的句法功能：
a. 作动词宾语；
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语；
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。
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指示代词
1） 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，例如：
单数 复数
限定词：This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代词： This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能；
a. 作主语
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语
My point is this.
我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
I don't say no to that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
说明1：
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this. （this作宾语时不能指人）
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)
说明2：
That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
(错) He admired that who danced well. （that作宾语时不能指人）
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）
返回顶端〉〉
疑问代词
1） 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：
指 人： who, whom, whose
指 物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2） 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较：
疑问代词：Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的？
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？
限定词： Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？
说明1：
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘？
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘？
说明2：
Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）
说明3：
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）
What are you looking for?
你在找什么？（现代英语）
说明4：
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。
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关系代词
1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）
2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见下：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
3） 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
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every, no, all, both,...
1）不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way
3) both 都，指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。
She can't sing，neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.
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none, few, some, any,...
一、none 无
1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
c. some位于主语部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I 've bought some.
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代词比较辩异one, that和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
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one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
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“the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
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anyone/any one;...
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one.--没有。
3．every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。
6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
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both, either, neither,...
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both，either
both与复数连用，either与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of the students are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
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many, much
Many，much都意为“许多”， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
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few, little, a few,...
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。
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中学语法大全 倒装
目录
倒装句之全部倒装 17
倒装句之部分倒装 17
以否定词开头作部分倒装 18
so, either, nor作部分倒装 18
only在句首要倒装的情况 19
as, though引导的倒装句 19
其他部分倒装 19
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
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倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
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以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
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so, either, nor作部分倒装
表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思“也不关心”，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
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only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
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as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
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其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示“也不”。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
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中学语法大全 定语从句
目录
定语从句 22
关系代词引导的定语从句 22
关系副词引导的定语从句 22
判断关系代词与关系副词 23
限制性和非限制性定语从句 24
介词+关系词 24
as,which非限定性定语从句 25
先行词和关系词二合一 25
what/whatever/that... 26
关系代词that的用法 26
定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
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关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
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关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
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判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
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限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
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介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
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as, which非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
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先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
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what/whatever/that...
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
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关系代词that的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
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中学语法大全 动词不定式
目录
不定式作宾语 28
不定式作补语 28
不定式主语 30
It's for sb/It's of sb 30
不定式作表语 31
不定式作定语 31
不定式作状语 31
用作介词的to 32
省to 的动词不定式 32
动词不定式的否定式 33
不定式特殊句型too…to… 33
不定式特殊句型so as to 34
不定式特殊句型Why not 34
不定式的时态和语态 34
动名词与不定式 35
不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
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不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
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不定式主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
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It's for sb/It's of sb
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
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不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
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不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
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不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
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用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to习惯于， be used to习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
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省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
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动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
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不定式特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
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不定式特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
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不定式特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
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不定式的时态和语态
时态语态 主动被动
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
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动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to dostop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
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中学语法大全 动词
目录
动词 37
系动词 38
什么是助动词 39
助动词be的用法 39
助动词have的用法 40
助动词do 的用法 40
助动词shall和will的用法 41
助动词should,would的用法 41
短语动词 42
非谓语动词 42
动词
1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 （having是实义动词。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
（has是助动词。）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。
5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）
6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
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系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
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什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
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助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
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助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
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助动词do 的用法
1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
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助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
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助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：
“What shall I do next week?” I asked.
“我下周干什么？”我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较：
“I will go,” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语，就成了：
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
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短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词（Phrasal Verb）。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1） 动词+副词，如：black out；
2） 动词+介词，如：look into；
3） 动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。
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非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
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中学语法大全 动词的时态
目录
一般现在时的用法 45
一般过去时的用法 45
used to/be used to 46
一般将来时 47
be going to/will 47
be to和be going to 47
一般现在时表将来 48
用现在进行时表示将来 48
现在完成时 48
比较过去时与现在完成时 48
用于现?
★ 英语副词语法
